Substituted phenoxypyridines

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to substituted phenoxypyridine compounds of general formula (I) in which R1, R2 and R3 are as defined in the claims, to methods of preparing said compounds, to intermediates for the preparation of said compounds, to pharmaceutical compositions and combinations comprising said compounds and to the use of said compounds for manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease, in particular of a hyper-proliferative and/or angiogenesis disorder, as a sole agent or in combination with other active ingredients.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to substituted phenoxypyridines, (hereinafter referred to as “compounds of general formula (I)”) as described and defined herein, to methods of preparing said compounds, to intermediates for the preparation of said compounds, to pharmaceutical compositions and combinations comprising said compounds and to the use of said compounds for manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease, in particular of a hyper-proliferative and/or angiogenesis disorder, as a sole agent or in combination with other active ingredients.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cancer is a disease resulting from an abnormal growth of tissue. Certain cancers have the potential to invade into local tissues and also metastasize to distant organs. This disease can develop in a wide variety of different organs, tissues, and cell types. Therefore, the term “cancer” refers to a collection of over a thousand different diseases.

Over 4.4 million people worldwide were diagnosed with breast, colon, ovarian, lung, or prostate cancer in 2002 and over 2.5 million people died of these devastating diseases (Globocan 2002 Report). In the United States alone, over 1.25 million new cases and over 500,000 deaths from cancer were predicted in 2005. The majority of these new cases were expected to be cancers of the colon (˜100,000), lung (˜170,000), breast (˜210,000) and prostate (˜230,000). Both the incidence and prevalence of cancer is predicted to increase by approximately 15% over the next ten years, reflecting an average growth rate of 1.4% [1].

Accumulating evidence suggests that cancer can be envisioned as a “signaling disease”, in which alterations in the cellular genome affecting the expression and/or function of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes would ultimately affect the transmission of signals that normally regulate cell growth, differentiation, and programmed cell death (apoptosis). Unraveling the signaling pathways that are dysregulated in human cancers has resulted in the design of an increasing number of mechanism-based therapeutic agents [2]. Signal transduction inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for human malignancies has recently met with remarkable success, as exemplified by the development of Gleevec for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), heralding a new era of “molecularly-targeted” therapies [3-5].

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) module is a key integration point along the signal transduction cascade that links diverse extracellular stimuli to proliferation, differentiation and survival. Scientific studies over the last twenty years have led to a quite detailed molecular dissection of this pathway, which has now grown to include five different MAPK subfamilies [extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK-1/2, c-Jun-N-terminal kinases (JNK5), p38 kinases, ERK-3/4, and ERK-5], with distinct molecular and functional features [6-8]. While certain subfamilies, such as the p38 family, are becoming therapeutic targets in inflammatory and degenerative diseases, the MAPK cascade that proceeds from Ras to ERK-1/2 (the main mitogenic pathway initiated by peptide growth factors) is starting to emerge as a prime target for the molecular therapy of different types of human cancers [9-11], The MAPK pathway is aberrantly activated in many human tumors as a result of genetic and epigenetic changes, resulting in increased proliferation and resistance to apoptotic stimuli. In particular, mutated oncogenic forms of Ras are found in 50% of colon and >90% of pancreatic cancers [12]. Recently, BRAF mutations have been found in >60% of malignant melanoma [13]. These mutations result in a constitutively activated MAPK pathway. In addition, overexpression of or mutational activation of certain receptor tyrosine kinases can also lead to increased activation of the Raf-MEK-ERK pathway.

The modular nature of the Raf/MEK/ERK cascade becomes less pleiotropic at the crossover point that is regulated by MEK [14]. No substrates for MEK have been identified other than ERK-1/2. Phosphorylated ERK is the product of MEK activity and thus its detection in cancer cells and in tumor tissues provides a direct measure of MEK inhibition. The selectivity of MEK for ERK1/2 coupled with the availability of antibodies specific for the dually phosphorylated and activated form of ERK, makes MEK an attractive target for anticancer drug development. In addition, it was recently shown that MEK activation regulates matrix mineralization (Blood 2007, 40, 68), thereby modulation of MEK activity may also be applicable for the treatment of diseases caused by or accompanied with dysregulation of tissue mineralization, more specifically for the treatment of diseases caused by or accompanied with dysregulation of bone mineralization.

First-generation MEK inhibitors, PD98059 [15] and U0126 [16], do not appear to compete with ATP and thus are likely to have distinct binding sites on MEK; these compounds have been extensively used in model systems in vitro and in vivo to attribute biological activities to ERK1/2. A second-generation MEK1/2 inhibitor, PD184352 (now called CI-1040), has an IC₅₀ in the low nanomolar range, enhanced bioavailability, and also appears to work via an allosteric, non ATP-competitive mechanism [17]. Oral treatment with CI-1040 has been shown to inhibit colon cancer growth in vivo in mouse models [18] and this compound was evaluated in phase I/II clinical trials in humans where it eventually failed because of insufficient efficacy [19]. Further allosteric MEK inhibitors have recently entered the clinic but were found to have limitations such as poor exposure profiles, limited efficacy and/or toxicity issues. Small molecules MEK inhibitors have been disclosed, including in US Patent Publications Nos. 2003/0232869, 2004/0116710, 2003/0216420 and in U.S. patent applications Nos. 10/654,580 and 10/929,295 each of which is hereby incorporated by reference. A number of additional patent applications have appeared in the last few years including U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,6625; WO 98/43960; WO 99/01421; WO 99/01426; WO 00/41505; WO 00/41994; WO 00/42002; WO 00/42003; WO 00/42022; WO 00/42029; WO 00/68201; WO 01/68619; WO 02/06213; WO 03/077914; WO 03/077855; WO 04/083167; WO 05/0281126; WO 05/051301; WO 05/121142; WO 06/114466; WO 98/37881; WO 00/35435; WO 00/35436; WO 00/40235; WO 00/40237; WO 01/05390; WO 01/05391; WO 01/05392; WO 01/05393; WO 03/062189; WO 03/062191; WO 04/056789; WO 05/000818; WO 05/007616; WO 05/009975; WO 05/051300; WO05/051302; WO 05/028426; WO 06/056427; WO 03/035626; and WO 06/029862.

Despite advancements in the art, there remains a need for cancer treatments and anti-cancer compounds. More specifically, there remains a need for structurally novel MEK inhibitors with a balanced potency-properties profile. It would be especially desirable to identify novel MEK inhibitors which incorporate structural motifs which have not been previously exemplified as being compatible with potent MEK inhibition. It would be especially favorable if these structural motifs would further allow for improvement of MEK potency and/or modulation of compound properties (including physico-chemical, pharmacodynamical and pharmacokinetical properties).

WO 2006/045514 A1 (Applied Research Systems ARS Holding N.V.) relates to 3-arylamino pyridine derivatives. Such compounds are MEK inhibitors and useful in the treatment of hyperproliferative diseases, such as cancer, retenosis and inflammation.

WO 2008/138639 (Bayer Schering Pharma Aktiengesellschaft) relates to substituted phenylaminobenzene compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and the use of such compounds or compositions for treating hyperproliferative and/or angiogenesis disorders. Said compounds were found to be potent and selective MEK inhibitors. Said compounds are derived from a 1-substituted-2-phenylamino-phenyl scaffold with a further specifically substituted side chain in the 6-position of the phenyl scaffold. This finding was surprising as inspection of published phenyl-scaffold-derived MEK inhibitors and previous structure-activity relationship analysis (see for example Haile Tecle/Pfizer Global Research: “MEK inhibitors”, presented at Drew University, 15 Jun. 2006) suggested that in phenyl-scaffold-based MEK inhibitors larger 6-substituents are detrimental for achieving high MEK inhibitory potency. Said compounds are potent MEK inhibitors and inhibit activation of the MEK-ERK pathway.

However, none of the state of the art described above specifically describes the compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention, which bear a specific —C(═O)NHR₃ substituent in the 4-position of the pyridyl ring shown, and a specifically substituted oxygen atom in the 3(5)-position of the pyridyl ring shown, or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, an N-oxide, a hydrate, a solvate, or a salt thereof, or a mixture of same, as described and defined herein, and as hereinafter referred to as “compounds of the present invention”, or their pharmacological activity.

It has now been found, and this constitutes the basis of the present invention, that said compounds of the present invention have surprising and advantageous properties.

In particular, said compounds of the present invention have been shown to possess an extremely high activity in an A375 proliferation assay, shown by the biological results given in the Table at the end of this description. It was not obvious to the person skilled in the art of medicinal chemistry that the compounds of the present invention would possess such a level of activity: said compounds of the present invention indeed effectively strongly inhibit cancer cell proliferation.

Moreover, the compounds may possess significantly reduced affinity for human carbonic anhydrase. It is known to the person skilled in the art that affinity for human carbonic anhydrase leads to an unwanted accumulation of the respective compound in human erythrocytes.

Moreover, the compounds may possess a significantly improved CYP inhibition profile, to the degree were no CYP inhibition can be detected.

In view of this, said compounds of general formula (I) of the present invention may therefore be used for the treatment or prophylaxis of diseases of uncontrolled cell growth, proliferation and/or survival, inappropriate cellular immune responses, or inappropriate cellular inflammatory responses or diseases which are accompanied with uncontrolled cell growth, proliferation and/or survival, inappropriate cellular immune responses, or inappropriate cellular inflammatory responses, particularly in which the uncontrolled cell growth, proliferation and/or survival, inappropriate cellular immune responses, or inappropriate cellular inflammatory responses is mediated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK-ERK) pathway, such as, for example, haemotological tumours, solid tumours, and/or metastases thereof, e.g. leukaemias and myelodysplastic syndrome, malignant lymphomas, head and neck tumours including brain tumours and brain metastases, tumours of the thorax including non-small cell and small cell lung tumours, gastrointestinal tumours, endocrine tumours, mammary and other gynaecological tumours, urological tumours including renal, bladder and prostate tumours, skin tumours, and sarcomas, and/or metastases thereof.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with a first aspect, the present invention covers compounds of general formula (I):

in which:

-   R1 is an aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl,     C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group,     -   said group being substituted with one or more substituents         selected from:         -   a halogen atom, or a         -   CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl-, halo-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, H₂N—C₁-C₆-alkyl-,             R(R′)N—C₁-C₆-alkyl-, HO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted             with two OH groups, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl-,             halo-C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl-,             C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, 3- to 7-membered             heterocycloalkyl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, aryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-,             heteroaryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, —C(═O)R, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)R,             —C(═O)N(R)R′, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OR, —NH₂, —N(H)R, —N(R)R′,             —N(H)C(═O)H, —N(H)C(═O)R, —N(R)C(═O)R′, —N(H)C(═O)NH₂,             —N(H)C(═O)N(H)R, —N(H)C(═O)N(R)R′, —N(R)C(═O)NH₂,             —N(R)C(═O)N(H)R′, —N(R)C(═O)N(R′)R″, —N(H)C(═O)OR,             —N(R)C(═O)OR′, —NO₂, —N(H)S(═O)R, —N(R)S(═O)R′,             —N(H)S(═O)NH₂, —N(H)S(═O)N(H)R, —N(H)S(═O)N(R)R′,             —N(R)S(═O)NH₂, —N(R)S(═O)N(H)R′, —N(R)S(═O)N(R′)R″,             —N(H)S(═O)₂R, —N(H)S(═O)₂C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, —N(R)S(═O)₂R′,             —N(H)S(═O)₂NH₂, —N(H)S(═O)₂N(H)R, —N(H)S(═O)₂N(R)R′,             —N(R)S(═O)₂NH₂, —N(R)S(═O)₂N(H)R′, —N(R)S(═O)₂N(R′)R″,             —N═S(═O)(R)R′, —OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-, —OC(═O)H, —OC(═O)R,             —OC(═O)NH₂, —OC(═O)N(H)R, —OC(═O)N(R)R′, —OC(═O)OR, —SH,             C₁-C₆-alkyl-S—, —SC(═O)NH₂, —SC(═O)N(H)R, —SC(═O)N(R)R′,             —S(═O)₂R, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂N(H)R, —S(═O)₂N(R)R′, or             —S(═O)(═NR)R′ group;     -   R2 is a halogen atom, a C₂-C₆-alkynyl or —S—C₁-C₆-alkyl group;     -   R3 is selected from the group comprising a hydrogen atom, a         C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, 3- to 7-membered         heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl group, said C₁-C₆-alkyl or         C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl being optionally         substituted one or more times, in the same way or differently,         with —OH, —NH₂, —N(H)R, —N(R)R′, a halogen atom, cyano or         C₁-C₆-alkoxy;     -   R, R′ and R″ are, independently from each other, a C₁-C₆-alkyl         group;     -   or a tautomer, stereoisomer, N-oxide, salt, hydrate or solvate         thereof.

DEFINITIONS

The terms as mentioned in the present text have preferably the following meanings:

The term “halogen atom” or “halo” is to be understood as meaning a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom.

The term “C₁-C₆-alkyl” is to be understood as preferably meaning a linear or branched, saturated, monovalent hydrocarbon group having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, e.g. a methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, iso-propyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, iso-pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 1-methylbutyl, 1-ethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, neo-pentyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 4-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, or 1,2-dimethylbutyl group, or an isomer thereof. Particularly, said group has 1, 2 or 3 carbon atoms (“C₁-C₃-alkyl”), methyl, ethyl, n-propyl- or iso-propyl.

The term “halo-C₁-C₆-alkyl” is to be understood as preferably meaning a linear or branched, saturated, monovalent hydrocarbon group in which the term “C₁-C₆-alkyl” is defined supra, and in which one or more hydrogen atoms is replaced by a halogen atom, in identically or differently, i.e. one halogen atom being independent from another. Particularly, said halogen atom is F. Said halo-C₁-C₆-alkyl group is, for example, —CF₃, —CHF₂, —CH₂F, —CF₂CF₃, or —CH₂CF₃.

The term “C₁-C₆-alkoxy” is to be understood as preferably meaning a linear or branched, saturated, monovalent, hydrocarbon group of formula —O-alkyl, in which the term “alkyl” is defined supra, e.g. a methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, tert-butoxy, sec-butoxy, pentoxy, iso-pentoxy, or n-hexoxy group, or an isomer thereof.

The term “halo-C₁-C₆-alkoxy” is to be understood as preferably meaning a linear or branched, saturated, monovalent C₁-C₆-alkoxy group, as defined supra, in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms is replaced, in identically or differently, by a halogen atom. Particularly, said halogen atom is F. Said halo-C₁-C₆-alkoxy group is, for example, —OCF₃, —OCHF₂, —OCH₂F, —OCF₂CF₃, or —OCH₂CF₃.

The term “C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl” is to be understood as preferably meaning a linear or branched, saturated, monovalent alkyl group, as defined supra, in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms is replaced, in identically or differently, by a C₁-C₆-alkoxy group, as defined supra, e.g. methoxyalkyl, ethoxyalkyl, propyloxyalkyl, iso-propoxyalkyl, butoxyalkyl, iso-butoxyalkyl, tert-butoxyalkyl, sec-butoxyalkyl, pentyloxyalkyl, iso-pentyloxyalkyl, hexyloxyalkyl group, in which the term “C₁-C₆-alkyl” is defined supra, or an isomer thereof.

The term “halo-C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl” is to be understood as preferably meaning a linear or branched, saturated, monovalent C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl group, as defined supra, in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms is replaced, in identically or differently, by a halogen atom. Particularly, said halogen atom is F. Said halo-C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl group is, for example, —CH₂CH₂OCF₃, —CH₂CH₂OCHF₂, —CH₂CH₂OCH₂F, —CH₂CH₂OCF₂CF₃, or —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CF₃.

The term “C₂-C₆-alkenyl” is to be understood as preferably meaning a linear or branched, monovalent hydrocarbon group, which contains one or more double bonds, and which has 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms, particularly 2 or 3 carbon atoms (“C₂-C₃-alkenyl”), it being understood that in the case in which said alkenyl group contains more than one double bond, then said double bonds may be isolated from, or conjugated with, each other. Said alkenyl group is, for example, a vinyl, allyl, (E)-2-methylvinyl, (Z)-2-methylvinyl, homoallyl, (E)-but-2-enyl, (Z)-but-2-enyl, (E)-but-1-enyl, (Z)-but-1-enyl, pent-4-enyl, (E)-pent-3-enyl, (Z)-pent-3-enyl, (E)-pent-2-enyl, (Z)-pent-2-enyl, (E)-pent-1-enyl, (Z)-pent-1-enyl, hex-5-enyl, (E)-hex-4-enyl, (Z)-hex-4-enyl, (E)-hex-3-enyl, (Z)-hex-3-enyl, (E)-hex-2-enyl, (Z)-hex-2-enyl, (E)-hex-1-enyl, (Z)-hex-1-enyl, isopropenyl, 2-methylprop-2-enyl, 1-methylprop-2-enyl, 2-methylprop-1-enyl, (E)-1-methylprop-1-enyl, (Z)-1-methylprop-1-enyl, 3-methylbut-3-enyl, 2-methylbut-3-enyl, 1-methylbut-3-enyl, 3-methylbut-2-enyl, (E)-2-methylbut-2-enyl, (Z)-2-methylbut-2-enyl, (E)-1-methylbut-2-enyl, (Z)-1-methylbut-2-enyl, (E)-3-methylbut-1-enyl, (Z)-3-methylbut-1-enyl, (E)-2-methylbut-1-enyl, (Z)-2-methylbut-1-enyl, (E)-1-methylbut-1-enyl, (Z)-1-methylbut-1-enyl, 1,1-dimethylprop-2-enyl, 1-ethylprop-1-enyl, 1-propylvinyl, 1-isopropylvinyl, 4-methylpent-4-enyl, 3-methylpent-4-enyl, 2-methylpent-4-enyl, 1-methylpent-4-enyl, 4-methylpent-3-enyl, (E)-3-methylpent-3-enyl, (Z)-3-methylpent-3-enyl, (E)-2-methylpent-3-enyl, (Z)-2-methylpent-3-enyl, (E)-1-methylpent-3-enyl, (Z)-1-methylpent-3-enyl, (E)-4-methylpent-2-enyl, (Z)-4-methylpent-2-enyl, (E)-3-methylpent-2-enyl, (Z)-3-methylpent-2-enyl, (E)-2-methylpent-2-enyl, (Z)-2-methylpent-2-enyl, (E)-1-methylpent-2-enyl, (Z)-1-methylpent-2-enyl, (E)-4-methylpent-1-enyl, (Z)-4-methylpent-1-enyl, (E)-3-methylpent-1-enyl, (Z)-3-methylpent-1-enyl, (E)-2-methylpent-1-enyl, (Z)-2-methylpent-1-enyl, (E)-1-methylpent-1-enyl, (Z)-1-methylpent-1-enyl, 3-ethylbut-3-enyl, 2-ethylbut-3-enyl, 1-ethylbut-3-enyl, (E)-3-ethylbut-2-enyl, (Z)-3-ethylbut-2-enyl, (E)-2-ethylbut-2-enyl, (Z)-2-ethylbut-2-enyl, (E)-1-ethylbut-2-enyl, (Z)-1-ethylbut-2-enyl, (E)-3-ethylbut-1-enyl, (Z)-3-ethylbut-1-enyl, 2-ethylbut-1-enyl, (E)-1-ethylbut-1-enyl, (Z)-1-ethylbut-1-enyl, 2-propylprop-2-enyl, 1-propylprop-2-enyl, 2-isopropylprop-2-enyl, 1-isopropylprop-2-enyl, (E)-2-propylprop-1-enyl, (Z)-2-propylprop-1-enyl, (E)-1-propylprop-1-enyl, (Z)-1-propylprop-1-enyl, (E)-2-isopropylprop-1-enyl, (Z)-2-isopropylprop-1-enyl, (E)-1-isopropylprop-1-enyl, (Z)-1-isopropylprop-1-enyl, (E)-3,3-dimethylprop-1-enyl, (Z)-3,3-dimethylprop-1-enyl, 1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)ethenyl, buta-1,3-dienyl, penta-1,4-dienyl, hexa-1,5-dienyl, or methylhexadienyl group. Particularly, said group is vinyl or allyl.

The term “C₂-C₆-alkynyl” is to be understood as preferably meaning a linear or branched, monovalent hydrocarbon group which contains one or more triple bonds, and which contains 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms, particularly 2 or 3 carbon atoms (“C₂-C₃-alkynyl”). Said C₂-C₆-alkynyl group is, for example, ethynyl, prop-1-ynyl, prop-2-ynyl, but-1-ynyl, but-2-ynyl, but-3-ynyl, pent-1-ynyl, pent-2-ynyl, pent-3-ynyl, pent-4-ynyl, hex-1-ynyl, hex-2-inyl, hex-3-inyl, hex-4-ynyl, hex-5-ynyl, 1-methylprop-2-ynyl, 2-methylbut-3-ynyl, 1-methylbut-3-ynyl, 1-methylbut-2-ynyl, 3-methylbut-1-ynyl, 1-ethylprop-2-ynyl, 3-methylpent-4-ynyl, 2-methylpent-4-ynyl, 1-methylpent-4-ynyl, 2-methylpent-3-ynyl, 1-methylpent-3-ynyl, 4-methylpent-2-ynyl, 1-methylpent-2-ynyl, 4-methylpent-1-ynyl, 3-methylpent-1-ynyl, 2-ethylbut-3-ynyl, 1-ethylbut-3-ynyl, 1-ethylbut-2-ynyl, 1-propylprop-2-ynyl, 1-isopropylprop-2-ynyl, 2,2-dimethylbut-3-inyl, 1-dimethylbut-3-ynyl, 1,1-dimethylbut-2-ynyl, or 3,3-dimethylbut-1-ynyl group. Particularly, said alkynyl group is ethynyl, prop-1-ynyl, or prop-2-inyl.

The term “C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl” is to be understood as preferably meaning a saturated, monovalent, mono-, or bicyclic hydrocarbon ring which contains 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms. Said C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl group is for example, a monocyclic hydrocarbon ring, e.g. a cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl group, or a bicyclic hydrocarbon ring, e.g. a perhydropentalenylene or decalin ring. Said cycloalkyl ring can optionally contain one or more double bonds e.g. cycloalkenyl, such as a cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl or cyclohexenyl group, wherein the bond between said ring with the rest of the molecule may be to any carbon atom of said ring, be it saturated or unsaturated.

The term “alkylene” is understood as preferably meaning an optionally substituted hydrocarbon chain (or “tether”) having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms, i.e. an optionally substituted —CH₂— (“methylene” or “single membered tether” or, for example —C(Me)₂-), —CH₂—CH₂— (“ethylene”, “dimethylene”, or “two-membered tether”), —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂— (“propylene”, “trimethylene”, or “three-membered tether”), —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂— (“butylene”, “tetramethylene”, or “four-membered tether”), —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂— (“pentylene”, “pentamethylene” or “five-membered ether”), or —CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂—CH₂— (“hexylene”, “hexamethylene”, or six-membered tether”) group. Particularly, said alkylene tether has 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 carbon atoms, more particularly 1 or 2 carbon atoms.

The term “3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl”, is to be understood as meaning a saturated, monovalent, mono- or bicyclic hydrocarbon ring which contains 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms, and one or more heteroatom-containing groups selected from C(═O), O, S, S(═O), S(═O)₂, NR^(a), in which R^(a) represents a hydrogen atom, or a C₁-C₆-alkyl- or halo-C₁-C₆-alkyl-group; it being possible for said heterocycloalkyl group to be attached to the rest of the molecule via any one of the carbon atoms or, if present, the nitrogen atom.

Particularly, said 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl can contain 2, 3, 4, or 5 carbon atoms, and one or more of the above-mentioned heteroatom-containing groups (a “3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl”), more particularly said heterocycloalkyl can contain 4 or 5 carbon atoms, and one or more of the above-mentioned heteroatom-containing groups (a “5- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl”).

Particularly, without being limited thereto, said heterocycloalkyl can be a 4-membered ring, such as an azetidinyl, oxetanyl, or a 5-membered ring, such as tetrahydrofuranyl, dioxolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, or a 6-membered ring, such as tetrahydropyranyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, dithianyl, thiomorpholinyl, piperazinyl, or trithianyl, or a 7-membered ring, such as a diazepanyl ring, for example. Optionally, said heterocycloalkyl can be benzo fused.

Said heterocyclyl can be bicyclic, such as, without being limited thereto, a 5,5-membered ring, e.g. a hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-2(1H)-yl) ring, or a 5,6-membered bicyclic ring, e.g. a hexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-2(1H)-yl ring, or for example.

As mentioned supra, said nitrogen atom-containing ring can be partially unsaturated, i.e. it can contain one or more double bonds, such as, without being limited thereto, a 2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrolyl, 4H-[1,3,4]thiadiazinyl, 4,5-dihydrooxazolyl, or 4H-[1,4]thiazinyl ring, for example, or, it may be benzo-fused, such as, without being limited thereto, a dihydroisoquinolinyl ring, for example.

The term “aryl” is to be understood as preferably meaning a monovalent, aromatic or partially aromatic, mono-, or bi- or tricyclic hydrocarbon ring having 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 carbon atoms (a “C₆-C₁₄-aryl” group), particularly a ring having 6 carbon atoms (a “C₆-aryl” group), e.g. a phenyl group; or a biphenyl group, or a ring having 9 carbon atoms (a “C₉-aryl” group), e.g. an indanyl or indenyl group, or a ring having 10 carbon atoms (a “C₁₀-aryl” group), e.g. a tetralinyl, dihydronaphthyl, or naphthyl group, or a ring having 13 carbon atoms, (a “C₁₃-aryl” group), e.g. a fluorenyl group, or a ring having 14 carbon atoms, (a “C₁₄-aryl” group), e.g. an anthranyl group. A particular example of an aryl group is one of the following possible structures:

in which z represents O, S, NH or N(C₁-C₆-alkyl), and * indicates the point of attachment of said aryl group with the rest of the molecule.

The term “heteroaryl” is understood as preferably meaning a monovalent, monocyclic-, bicyclic- or tricyclic aromatic ring system having 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 or 14 ring atoms (a “5- to 14-membered heteroaryl” group), particularly 5 or 6 or 9 or 10 atoms, and which contains at least one heteroatom which may be identical or different, said heteroatom being such as oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur, and in addition in each case can be benzocondensed. Particularly, heteroaryl is selected from thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thia-4H-pyrazolyl etc., and benzo derivatives thereof, such as, for example, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, etc.; or pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, etc., and benzo derivatives thereof, such as, for example, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl, isoquinolinyl, etc.; or azocinyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, etc., and benzo derivatives thereof; or cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthpyridinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, xanthenyl, or oxepinyl, etc.

In general, and unless otherwise mentioned, the heteroarylic or heteroarylenic radicals include all the possible isomeric forms thereof, e.g. the positional isomers thereof. Thus, for some illustrative non-restricting example, the term pyridinyl or pyridinylene includes pyridin-2-yl, pyridin-2-ylene, pyridin-3-yl, pyridin-3-ylene, pyridin-4-yl and pyridin-4-ylene; or the term thienyl or thienylene includes thien-2-yl, thien-2-ylene, thien-3-yl and thien-3-ylene.

The term “C₁-C₆”, as used throughout this text, e.g. in the context of the definition of “C₁-C₆-alkyl”, “C₁-C₆-haloalkyl”, “C₁-C₆-alkoxy”, or “C₁-C₆-haloalkoxy” is to be understood as meaning an alkyl group having a finite number of carbon atoms of 1 to 6, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms. It is to be understood further that said term “C₁-C₆” is to be interpreted as any sub-range comprised therein, e.g. C₁-C₆, C₂-C₅, C₃-C₄, C₁-C₂, C₁-C₃, C₁-C₄, C₁-C₅, C₁-C₆; particularly C₁-C₂, C₁-C₃, C₁-C₄, C₁-C₅, C₁-C₆; more particularly C₁-C₄; in the case of “C₁-C₆-haloalkyl” or “C₁-C₆-haloalkoxy” even more particularly C₁-C₂.

Similarly, as used herein, the term “C₂-C₆”, as used throughout this text, e.g. in the context of the definitions of “C₂-C₆-alkenyl” and “C₂-C₆-alkynyl”, is to be understood as meaning an alkenyl group or an alkynyl group having a finite number of carbon atoms of 2 to 6, i.e. 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms. It is to be understood further that said term “C₂-C₆” is to be interpreted as any sub-range comprised therein, e.g. C₂-C₆, C₃-C₅, C₃-C₄, C₂-C₃, C₂-C₄, C₂-C₅; particularly C₂-C₃.

Further, as used herein, the term “C₃-C₆”, as used throughout this text, e.g. in the context of the definition of “C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl”, is to be understood as meaning a cycloalkyl group having a finite number of carbon atoms of 3 to 6, i.e. 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms. It is to be understood further that said term “C₃-C₆” is to be interpreted as any sub-range comprised therein, e.g. C₃-C₆, C₄-C₅, C₃-C₅, C₃-C₄, C₄-C₆, C₅-C₆; particularly C₃-C₆.

The term “substituted” means that one or more hydrogens on the designated atom is replaced with a selection from the indicated group, provided that the designated atom's normal valency under the existing circumstances is not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

The term “optionally substituted” means optional substitution with the specified groups, radicals or moieties.

Ring system substituent means a substituent attached to an aromatic or nonaromatic ring system which, for example, replaces an available hydrogen on the ring system.

As used herein, the term “one or more times”, e.g. in the definition of the substituents of the compounds of the general formulae of the present invention, is understood as meaning “one, two, three, four or five times, particularly one, two, three or four times, more particularly one, two or three times, even more particularly one or two times”.

Where the plural form of the word compounds, salts, polymorphs, hydrates, solvates and the like, is used herein, this is taken to mean also a single compound, salt, polymorph, isomer, hydrate, solvate or the like.

By “stable compound’ or “stable structure” is meant a compound that is sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purity from a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeutic agent.

The compounds of this invention may contain one or more asymmetric centre, depending upon the location and nature of the various substituents desired. Asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in the (R) or (S) configuration, resulting in racemic mixtures in the case of a single asymmetric centre, and diastereomeric mixtures in the case of multiple asymmetric centres. In certain instances, asymmetry may also be present due to restricted rotation about a given bond, for example, the central bond adjoining two substituted aromatic rings of the specified compounds.

Substituents on a ring may also be present in either cis or trans form. It is intended that all such configurations (including enantiomers and diastereomers), are included within the scope of the present invention.

Preferred compounds are those which produce the more desirable biological activity. Separated, pure or partially purified isomers and stereoisomers or racemic or diastereomeric mixtures of the compounds of this invention are also included within the scope of the present invention. The purification and the separation of such materials can be accomplished by standard techniques known in the art.

The optical isomers can be obtained by resolution of the racemic mixtures according to conventional processes, for example, by the formation of diastereoisomeric salts using an optically active acid or base or formation of covalent diastereomers. Examples of appropriate acids are tartaric, diacetyltartaric, ditoluoyltartaric and camphorsulfonic acid. Mixtures of diastereoisomers can be separated into their individual diastereomers on the basis of their physical and/or chemical differences by methods known in the art, for example, by chromatography or fractional crystallisation. The optically active bases or acids are then liberated from the separated diastereomeric salts. A different process for separation of optical isomers involves the use of chiral chromatography (e.g., chiral HPLC columns), with or without conventional derivatisation, optimally chosen to maximise the separation of the enantiomers. Suitable chiral HPLC columns are manufactured by Diacel, e.g., Chiracel OD and Chiracel OJ among many others, all routinely selectable. Enzymatic separations, with or without derivatisation, are also useful. The optically active compounds of this invention can likewise be obtained by chiral syntheses utilizing optically active starting materials.

In order to limit different types of isomers from each other reference is made to IUPAC Rules Section E (Pure Appl Chem 45, 11-30, 1976).

The present invention includes all possible stereoisomers of the compounds of the present invention as single stereoisomers, or as any mixture of said stereoisomers, in any ratio. Isolation of a single stereoisomer, e.g. a single enantiomer or a single diastereomer, of a compound of the present invention may be achieved by any suitable state of the art method, such as chromatography, especially chiral chromatography, for example.

Further, the compounds of the present invention may exist as tautomers. For example, any compound of the present invention which contains a pyrazole moiety as a heteroaryl group for example can exist as a 1H tautomer, or a 2H tautomer, or even a mixture in any amount of the two tautomers, or a triazole moiety for example can exist as a 1H tautomer, a 2H tautomer, or a 4H tautomer, or even a mixture in any amount of said 1H, 2H and 4H tautomers, viz.:

The present invention includes all possible tautomers of the compounds of the present invention as single tautomers, or as any mixture of said tautomers, in any ratio.

Further, the compounds of the present invention can exist as N-oxides, which are defined in that at least one nitrogen of the compounds of the present invention is oxidised. The present invention includes all such possible N-oxides.

The present invention also relates to useful forms of the compounds as disclosed herein, such as metabolites, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs, salts, in particular pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and co-precipitates.

The compounds of the present invention can exist as a hydrate, or as a solvate, wherein the compounds of the present invention contain polar solvents, in particular water, methanol or ethanol for example as structural element of the crystal lattice of the compounds. The amount of polar solvents, in particular water, may exist in a stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric ratio. In the case of stoichiometric solvates, e.g. a hydrate, hemi-, (semi-), mono-, sesqui-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- etc. solvates or hydrates, respectively, are possible. The present invention includes all such hydrates or solvates.

Further, the compounds of the present invention can exist in free form, e.g. as a free base, or as a free acid, or as a zwitterion, or can exist in the form of a salt. Said salt may be any salt, either an organic or inorganic addition salt, particularly any pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic addition salt, customarily used in pharmacy.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a relatively non-toxic, inorganic or organic acid addition salt of a compound of the present invention. For example, see S. M. Berge, et al. “Pharmaceutical Salts,” J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19.

A suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compounds of the present invention may be, for example, an acid-addition salt of a compound of the present invention bearing a nitrogen atom, in a chain or in a ring, for example, which is sufficiently basic, such as an acid-addition salt with an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, sulfuric, bisulfuric, phosphoric, or nitric acid, for example, or with an organic acid, such as formic, acetic, acetoacetic, pyruvic, trifluoroacetic, propionic, butyric, hexanoic, heptanoic, undecanoic, lauric, benzoic, salicylic, 2-(4-hydroxybenzoyl)-benzoic, camphoric, cinnamic, cyclopentanepropionic, digluconic, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic, nicotinic, pamoic, pectinic, persulfuric, 3-phenylpropionic, picric, pivalic, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, itaconic, sulfamic, trifluoromethanesulfonic, dodecylsulfuric, ethansulfonic, benzenesulfonic, para-toluenesulfonic, methansulfonic, 2-naphthalenesulfonic, naphthalinedisulfonic, camphorsulfonic acid, citric, tartaric, stearic, lactic, oxalic, malonic, succinic, malic, adipic, alginic, maleic, fumaric, D-gluconic, mandelic, ascorbic, glucoheptanoic, glycerophosphoric, aspartic, sulfosalicylic, hemisulfuric, or thiocyanic acid, for example.

Further, another suitably pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound of the present invention which is sufficiently acidic, is an alkali metal salt, for example a sodium or potassium salt, an alkaline earth metal salt, for example a calcium or magnesium salt, an ammonium salt or a salt with an organic base which affords a physiologically acceptable cation, for example a salt with N-methyl-glucamine, dimethyl-glucamine, ethyl-glucamine, lysine, dicyclohexylamine, 1,6-hexadiamine, ethanolamine, glucosamine, sarcosine, serinol, tris-hydroxy-methyl-aminomethane, aminopropandiol, sovak-base, 1-amino-2,3,4-butantriol. Additionally, basic nitrogen containing groups may be quaternised with such agents as lower alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, and dibutyl sulfate; and diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and strearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others.

Those skilled in the art will further recognise that acid addition salts of the claimed compounds may be prepared by reaction of the compounds with the appropriate inorganic or organic acid via any of a number of known methods. Alternatively, alkali and alkaline earth metal salts of acidic compounds of the invention are prepared by reacting the compounds of the invention with the appropriate base via a variety of known methods.

The present invention includes all possible salts of the compounds of the present invention as single salts, or as any mixture of said salts, in any ratio.

As used herein, the term “in vivo hydrolysable ester” is understood as meaning an in vivo hydrolysable ester of a compound of the present invention containing a carboxy or hydroxy group, for example, a pharmaceutically acceptable ester which is hydrolysed in the human or animal body to produce the parent acid or alcohol.

Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable esters for carboxy include for example alkyl, cycloalkyl and optionally substituted phenylalkyl, in particular benzyl esters, C₁-C₆ alkoxymethyl esters, e.g. methoxymethyl, C₁-C₆ alkanoyloxymethyl esters, e.g. pivaloyloxymethyl, phthalidyl esters, C₃-C₈ cycloalkoxy-carbonyloxy-C₁-C₆ alkyl esters, e.g. 1-cyclohexylcarbonyloxyethyl; 1,3-dioxolen-2-onylmethyl esters, e.g. 5-methyl-1,3-dioxolen-2-onylmethyl; and C₁-C₆-alkoxycarbonyloxyethyl esters, e.g. 1-methoxycarbonyloxyethyl, and may be formed at any carboxy group in the compounds of this invention.

An in vivo hydrolysable ester of a compound of the present invention containing a hydroxy group includes inorganic esters such as phosphate esters and [alpha]-acyloxyalkyl ethers and related compounds which as a result of the in vivo hydrolysis of the ester breakdown to give the parent hydroxy group. Examples of [alpha]-acyloxyalkyl ethers include acetoxymethoxy and 2,2-dimethylpropionyloxymethoxy. A selection of in vivo hydrolysable ester forming groups for hydroxy include alkanoyl, benzoyl, phenylacetyl and substituted benzoyl and phenylacetyl, alkoxycarbonyl (to give alkyl carbonate esters), dialkylcarbamoyl and N-(dialkylaminoethyl)-N-alkylcarbamoyl (to give carbamates), dialkylaminoacetyl and carboxyacetyl. The present invention covers all such esters.

Furthermore, the present invention includes all possible crystalline forms, or polymorphs, of the compounds of the present invention, either as single polymorphs, or as a mixture of more than one polymorphs, in any ratio.

In accordance with a second aspect, the present invention covers compounds of general formula (I), supra, in which:

-   R1 is an aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl,     C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group,     -   said group being substituted with one or more substituents         selected from:         -   a halogen atom, or a         -   CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl-, halo-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, H₂N—C₁-C₆-alkyl-,             R(R′)N—C₁-C₆-alkyl-, HO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted             with two OH groups, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl-,             halo-C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl-,             C₃-C₁₀-cycloalkyl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, 3- to 7-membered             heterocycloalkyl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, aryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-,             heteroaryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, —C(═O)R, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)R,             —C(═O)N(R)R′, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OR, —NH₂, —N(H)R, —N(R)R′,             —N(H)C(═O)H, —N(H)C(═O)R, —N(R)C(═O)R′, —N(H)C(═O)NH₂,             —N(H)C(═O)N(H)R, —N(H)C(═O)N(R)R′, —N(R)C(═O)NH₂,             —N(R)C(═O)N(H)R, —N(R)C(═O)N(R)R′, —N(H)C(═O)OR,             —N(R)C(═O)OR′, —NO₂, —N(H)S(═O)R, —N(R)S(═O)R′,             —N(H)S(═O)NH₂, —N(H)S(═O)N(H)R, —N(H)S(═O)N(R)R′,             —N(R)S(═O)NH₂, —N(R)S(═O)N(H)R′, —N(R)S(═O)N(R′)R″,             —N(H)S(═O)₂R″, —N(H)S(═O)₂—C3-C6-cycloalkyl, —N(R)S(═O)₂R′,             —N(H)S(═O)₂NH₂, —N(H)S(═O)₂N(H)R, —N(H)S(═O)₂N(R)R′,             —N(R)S(═O)₂NH₂, —N(R)S(═O)₂N(H)R, —N(R)S(═O)₂N(R′)R″,             —N═S(═O)(R)R′, —OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-, —OC(═O)H, —OC(═O)R,             —OC(═O)NH₂, —OC(═O)N(H)R, —OC(═O)N(R)R′, —OC(═O)OR, —SH,             C₁-C₆-alkyl-S—, —SC(═O)NH₂, —SC(═O)N(H)R, —SC(═O)N(R)R′,             —S(═O)₂R, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂N(H)R, —S(═O)₂N(R)R′, or             —S(═O)(═NR)R′ group; -   R2 is a halogen atom, a C₂-C₆-alkynyl or —S—C₁-C₆-alkyl group; -   R3 is a hydrogen atom, a C₁-C₆-alkyl, or C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl group; -   R, R′ and R″ are, independently from each other, a C₁-C₆-alkyl     group; -   or a tautomer, stereoisomer, N-oxide, salt, hydrate or solvate     thereof.

In accordance with a third aspect, the present invention covers compounds of general formula (I), supra, in which:

-   R1 is an aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl,     C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group,     -   said group being substituted with one or more substituents         selected from:         -   a halogen atom, or a         -   CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl-, halo-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, H₂N—C₁-C₆-alkyl-,             R(R′)N—C₁-C₆-alkyl-, HO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted             with two OH groups, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl-,             halo-C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl-,             C₃-C₁₀-cycloalkyl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, 3- to 7-membered             heterocycloalkyl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, aryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-,             heteroaryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, —C(═O)R, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)R,             —C(═O)N(R)R′, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OR, —NH₂, —N(H)R, —N(R)R′,             —N(H)C(═O)H, —N(H)C(═O)R, —N(R)C(═O)R′, —N(H)C(═O)NH₂,             —N(H)C(═O)N(H)R, —N(H)C(═O)N(R)R′, —N(R)C(═O)NH₂,             —N(R)C(═O)N(H)R, —N(R)C(═O)N(R′)R″, —N(H)C(═O)OR,             —N(R)C(═O)OR′, —NO₂, —N(H)S(═O)R, —N(R)S(═O)R′,             —N(H)S(═O)NH₂, —N(H)S(═O)N(H)R, —N(H)S(═O)N(R)R′,             —N(R)S(═O)NH₂, —N(R)S(═O)N(H)R′, —N(R)S(═O)N(R′)R″,             —N(H)S(═O)₂R, —N(H)S(═O)₂—C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, —N(R)S(═O)₂R′,             —N(H)S(═O)₂NH₂, —N(H)S(═O)₂N(H)R, —N(H)S(═O)₂N(R)R′,             —N(R)S(═O)₂NH₂, —N(R)S(═O)₂N(H)R′, —N(R)S(═O)₂N(R′)R″,             —N═S(═O)(R)R′, —OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-, —OC(═O)H, —OC(═O)R,             —OC(═O)NH₂, —OC(═O)N(H)R, —OC(═O)N(R)R′, —OC(═O)OR, —SH,             C₁-C₆-alkyl-S—, —SC(═O)NH₂, —SC(═O)N(H)R, —SC(═O)N(R)R′,             —S(═O)₂R, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂N(H)R, —S(═O)₂N(R)R′, or             —S(═O)(═NR)R′ group; -   R2 is a bromine or iodine atom, or a C₂-alkynyl group; -   R3 is a hydrogen atom, a C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl group; -   R, R′ and R″ are, independently from each other, a C₁-C₆-alkyl     group; -   or a tautomer, stereoisomer, N-oxide, salt, hydrate or solvate     thereof.

In accordance with a fourth aspect, the present invention covers compounds of general formula (I), supra, in which:

-   R1 is an aryl, C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₂-C₆-alkenyl group,     -   said group being substituted with one or more substituents         selected from:     -   C₁-C₆-alkyl-, H O—C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with two         OH groups, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)R, —C(═O)N(R)R′, —NH₂, —N(H)R,         —N(R)R′, —N(H)C(═O)H, —N(H)C(═O)R, —N(R)C(═O)R′, —N(H)S(═O)₂R,         —N(H)S(═O)₂—C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, —OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-, —S(═O)₂NH₂,         —S(═O)₂N(H)R, or —S(═O)₂N(R)R′ group; -   R2 is a bromine or iodine atom, or a C₂-alkynyl group; -   R3 is a hydrogen atom, a C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl group; -   R and R′ are, independently from each other, a C₁-C₆-alkyl group; -   or a tautomer, stereoisomer, N-oxide, salt, hydrate, solvate     thereof.

In accordance with a fifth aspect, the present invention covers compounds of general formula (I), supra, in which:

-   R1 is an aryl, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl group,     -   said group being substituted with one or more substituents         selected from:     -   C₁-C₆-alkyl-, C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with two OH groups, —NH₂,         —N(H)C(═O)R, —N(H)S(═O)₂R, —N(H)S(═O)₂—C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, or —OH         group; -   R2 is an iodine atom or a C₂-alkynyl group; -   R3 is a hydrogen atom; -   R is a C₁-C₆-alkyl group; -   or a tautomer, stereoisomer, N-oxide, salt, hydrate or solvate     thereof.

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

-   R1 is an aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl,     C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group,     -   said group being substituted with one or more substituents         selected from:         -   a halogen atom, or a         -   —CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl-, halo-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, H₂N—C₁-C₆-alkyl-,             R(R′)N—C₁-C₆-alkyl-, HO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted             with two OH groups, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl-,             halo-C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl-,             C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, 3- to 7-membered             heterocycloalkyl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, aryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-,             heteroaryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, —C(═O)R, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)R,             —C(═O)N(R)R′, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OR, —NH₂, —N(H)R, —N(R)R′,             —N(H)C(═O)H, —N(H)C(═O)R, —N(R)C(═O)R′, —N(H)C(═O)NH₂,             —N(H)C(═O)N(H)R, —N(H)C(═O)N(R)R′, —N(R)C(═O)NH₂,             —N(R)C(═O)N(H)R′, —N(R)C(═O)N(R′)R″, —N(H)C(═O)OR,             —N(R)C(═O)OR′, —NO₂, —N(H)S(═O)R, —N(R)S(═O)R′,             —N(H)S(═O)NH₂, —N(H)S(═O)N(H)R, —N(H)S(═O)N(R)R′,             —N(R)S(═O)NH₂, —N(R)S(═O)N(H)R′, —N(R)S(═O)N(R′)R″,             —N(H)S(═O)₂R, —N(H)S(═O)₂C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, —N(R)S(═O)₂R′,             —N(H)S(═O)₂NH₂, —N(H)S(═O)₂N(H)R, —N(H)S(═O)₂N(R)R′,             —N(R)S(═O)₂NH₂, —N(R)S(═O)₂N(H)R′, —N(R)S(═O)₂N(R′)R″,             —N═S(═O)(R)R′, —OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-, —OC(═O)H, —OC(═O)R,             —OC(═O)NH₂, —OC(═O)N(H)R, —OC(═O)N(R)R′, —OC(═O)OR, —SH,             C₁-C₆-alkyl-S—, —SC(═O)NH₂, —SC(═O)N(H)R, —SC(═O)N(R)R′,             —S(═O)₂R, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂N(H)R, —S(═O)₂N(R)R′, or             —S(═O)(═NR)R′ group;

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

-   R1 is an aryl, C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₂-C₆-alkenyl group,     -   said group being substituted with one or more substituents         selected from:     -   C₁-C₆-alkyl-, H O—C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with two         OH groups, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)R, —C(═O)N(R)R′, —NH₂, —N(H)R,         —N(R)R′, —N(H)C(═O)H, —N(H)C(═O)R, —N(R)C(═O)R′, —N(H)S(═O)₂R,         —N(H)S(═O)₂—C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, —OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-, —S(═O)₂NH₂,         —S(═O)₂N(H)R, or —S(═O)₂N(R)R′ group;

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

-   R1 is an aryl, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl group,     -   said group being substituted with one or more substituents         selected from:     -   C₁-C₆-alkyl-, C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with two OH groups, —NH₂,         —N(H)C(═O)R, —N(H)S(═O)₂R, —N(H)S(═O)₂—C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, or —OH         group;

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

-   R1 is an C₁-C₆-alkyl group being substituted with one or more     substituents selected from:     -   C₁-C₆-alkyl-, C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with two OH groups, —NH₂,         —N(H)C(═O)R, —N(H)S(═O)₂R, —N(H)S(═O)₂—C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, or —OH         group;

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

-   R1 is an aryl group being substituted with one or more substituents     selected from:     -   a halogen atom, C₁-C₆-alkyl-, —NH₂, —N(H)C(═O)R, —N(H)S(═O)₂R,         —N(H)S(═O)₂—C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, or —OH group;

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

-   R2 is a halogen atom, a C₂-C₆-alkynyl or —S—C₁-C₆-alkyl group;

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

-   R2 is a bromine or iodine atom, or a C₂-alkynyl group;

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

-   R2 is an iodine atom or a C₂-alkynyl group;

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

-   R2 is an iodine atom;

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

-   R2 is a C₂-alkynyl group;

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

-   R3 is selected from the group comprising a hydrogen atom, a C₁-C₆     alkyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl or     heteroaryl group, said C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, aryl or     heteroaryl being optionally substituted one or more times, in the     same way or differently, with —OH, —NH₂, —N(H)R, —N(R)R′, a halogen     atom, cyano or C₁-C₆-alkoxy;

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

-   R3 is a hydrogen atom, a C₁-C₆-alkyl, or C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl group;

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

-   R3 is a hydrogen atom;

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

-   R, R′ and R″ are, independently from each other, a C₁-C₆-alkyl     group;

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

-   R is a C₁-C₆-alkyl group;

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

-   R′ is a C₁-C₆-alkyl group;

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

-   R″ is a C₁-C₆-alkyl group;

In a further embodiment of the above-mentioned aspects, the invention relates to compounds of formula (I), wherein

-   R is a C₁-C₆-alkyl group;

It is to be understood that the present invention relates to any sub-combination within any embodiment of the present invention of compounds of general formula (I), supra.

In a further aspect, the present invention covers compounds of general formula (I) which are disclosed in the Example section of this text, infra.

In accordance with another aspect, the present invention covers a method of preparing compounds of the present invention, the method comprising the steps as described herein.

In accordance with a further aspect, the present invention covers intermediate compounds which are useful in the preparation of compounds of the present invention of general formula (I), particularly in the method described herein. In particular, the present invention covers compounds of general formula (2):

-   in which R2 and R3 are as defined supra as for general formula (I).

In accordance with yet another aspect, the present invention covers the use of the intermediate compounds of general formula (2), supra, for the preparation of the compounds of the present invention of general formula (I), supra.

EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS AND GENERAL PROCESSES

The following Table lists the abbreviations used in this paragraph, and in the Examples section.

Abbreviation Meaning DCM Dichloromethane DMAP 4-(Dimethylamino)-pyridine DMF N,N-Dimethylformamide DMSO Dimethyl sulfoxide δ [ppm] chemical shift [ppm] in NMR, in relation to the residual proton signal of the deuterated solvent used NMR nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Rt Room temperature RT Retention time in minutes MW molecular weight NMP N-methylpyrrolidinone TFA Trifluoroacetic acid UPLC ultra performance liquid chromatography

General Procedures

In the subsequent paragraphs detailed general procedures for the synthesis of key intermediates and compounds of the present invention are described.

The schemes and procedures described below illustrate general synthetic routes to the compounds of general formula (I) of the invention and are not intended to be limiting. It is obvious to the person skilled in the art that the order of transformations as exemplified in the Schemes can be modified in various ways. The order of transformations exemplified in the Schemes is therefore not intended to be limiting. In addition, interconversion of any of the substituents, R1, R2 or R3 can be achieved before and/or after the exemplified transformations. These modifications can be such as the introduction of protecting groups, cleavage of protecting groups, reduction or oxidation of functional groups, halogenation, metallation, substitution or other reactions known to the person skilled in the art. These transformations include those which introduce a functionality which allows for further interconversion of substituents. Appropriate protecting groups and their introduction and cleavage are well-known to the person skilled in the art (see for example T. W. Greene and P. G. M. Wuts in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3^(rd) edition, Wiley 1999). Specific examples are described in the subsequent paragraphs.

A general route for the preparation of compounds of general formula (I) is described in Scheme 1.

Scheme 1

General route for the preparation of compounds of general formula (I), wherein R¹, R² and R³ have the meaning as given for general formula (I), supra and X represents a halogen atom. Compounds A, B, C and D are either commercially available or can be prepared according to procedures available from the public domain, as understandable to the person skilled in the art.

A 3,5-dihaloisonicotinic acid of formula (A) is reacted with a suitably substituted 2-fluoro-aniline of general formula (B), in a suitable solvent system, such as, for example, THF, in the presence of a suitable base, such as, for example, lithium hexamethyldisilazan at temperatures ranging from −78° C. to room temperature, preferably room temperature, to furnish 3-halo-5-[(2-fluoro-4-R²)amino]isonicotinic acid intermediates of general formula (I).

Intermediates of general formula (I) are then converted to intermediates of general formula (2) by reaction with a suitable amine of general formula (C), for example amonia, in a suitable solvent system, such as, for example, N,N-dimethylformamide in the presence of a suitable activating agent, such as, for example N,N,-carbonyldiimidazole, at a temperature between room temperature and the boiling point of the respective solvent, preferably room temperature.

Intermediates of general formula (2) are reacted with a suitable alcohol of the general formula (D), for example 5-hydroxy-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-one, in the presence of a suitable base, such as, for example caesium carbonate, in a suitable solvent such as, for example, N,N-dimethylformamide, at temperatures ranging from room temperature and the boiling point of the respective solvent, to furnish compounds of general formula (I).

Compounds of general formula (Ia) can be synthesised according to the procedure depicted in Scheme 2. Compounds of general formula E are commercially available.

Scheme 2

Alternative general route for the preparation of compounds of general formula (Ia), wherein R² and R³ have the meaning as given for general formula (I), supra. PG represents a “suitable protection group”, for example, a tert-butoxy carbonyl (Boc). Y represents a carbon atom or a S═O group. R represents a C₁-C₆-alkyl group.

Intermediates of general formula (2) are converted to intermediates of general formula (3) by reaction with a suitably protected substituted phenol of general formula (E), for example tert-butyl (3-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate, in a suitable solvent system, such as, for example, N,N-dimethylformamide, in the presence of a suitable base, such as, for example caesium carbonate, at a temperature between room temperature and the boiling point of the respective solvent.

Intermediates of general formula (3) are converted to intermediates of general formula (4) by cleavage of the protecting group by means known to the person skilled in the art, for example, cleavage of the tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc) group in the presence of a suitable acid, such as, for example, TFA, in a suitable solvent, such as, for example, DCM, at temperatures ranging from room temperature to the boiling point of the solvent.

Intermediates of general formula (4) are then reacted with a suitable sulfonyl chloride or carbonic acid chloride of the general formula (F), for example, isopropyl sulfonyl chloride, in the presence of a suitable base, such as, for example, pyridine, in a suitable solvent, such as, for example, pyridine, at temperatures ranging from 0° C. to room temperature, to furnish compounds of general formula (Ia).

Compounds of general formula (Ib) can be synthesised according to the procedure depicted in Scheme 3. Compounds of general formula G are commercially available.

Scheme 3

More specific process for the preparation of compounds of general formula (Ib) by dihydroxylation of an intermediate of general formula (5), wherein R² and R³ have the meaning as given for general formula (I), supra. Q, Q′ and Q″ represent, independently from each other, a hydrogen atom, a methyl group or 1-2 alkylene groups, forming a ring, which is being understood that Q′ and Q″ together may form to a cycloalkenyl ring.

Synthetic intermediates of general formula (5), which are accessible by processes as described in Schemes 1 and 2 and in analogy to the specific descriptions (vide infra), are dihydroxylated to yield example compounds of general formula (Ib). Conditions for the dihydroxylation of olefins are well known in the art, including the use of stoichiometric osmium tetroxide or alkaline Potassium permanganate. Alternatively, catalytic amounts of osmium tetroxide can be used in combination with a stoichiometric oxidizing agent, such as, for example, Hydrogen peroxide, t-Butylhydroperoxide, N-Methylmorpholine-N-oxide or Potassium ferricyanide K₃Fe(CN)₆. Optionally, a promotor such as, for example, DMAP, may facilitate this transformation, which is conducted in a suitable solvent, such as, for example, acetone. Whereas the described conditions provide the corresponding diol in racemic form, stereoselective dihydroxylation of olefins can be achieved employing the Sharpless Asymmetric Dihydroxylation (SAD) reaction under conditions as widely known in the art (see: Chem. Rev. 1994, 94, 2483).

Compounds of general formula (I) can be converted into compounds of general formula (Ic) according to the procedure depicted in Scheme 4.

Scheme 4.

General process for the transformation of compounds of general formula (I) into compounds of general formula (Ic), wherein R¹, R² and R³ have the meaning as given for general formula (I), supra and R* represents a C₂-C₆-alkenyl group or a hydrogen atom.

Compounds of general formula (I) are converted to compounds of general formula (Ic) by coupling reactions known to the person skilled in the art, preferably by a Sonogashira or Sonogashira-type coupling reaction with acetylene or an acetylene equivalent (vide infra).

An iodo- or bromo-containing intermediate, for example of general formula (I), can be reacted with acetylene in the presence of catalytic amounts of a Pd catalyst such as, for example, Bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride, catalytic amounts of copper iodide, in the presence of a solvent such as DMF and optionally in the presence of a base, such as, for example, a trialkyl amine base, to form the corresponding alkyne derivative (Ib). Alternatively, mono-trialkylsilyl-protected acetylene such as for example, trimethylsilyl (TMS) acetylene, may be employed in such a Sonogashira-type coupling under conditions as described above followed by cleavage of the trialkylsilyl group by treatment with, for example, tetrabutylammonium fluoride or potassium carbonate in methanol. Alternatively, by using tetrabutylammonium fluoride as base in the Sonogashira-type coupling, coupling of TMS acetylene and cleavage of the TMS-group can be achieved in a one pot transformation. Transition metal-catalyzed couplings of (hetero)aryl halides with alkynes and trialkylsilyl alkynes are well known to the person skilled in the art (see for example (a) Chinchilla, R.; Najera, C. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 874; (b) Negishi, E.-i., Anastasia, L. Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 1979; see also: (c) Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2005, 20, 4256; (d) J. Org. Chem. 2006, 71, 2535 and references therein; (e) Chem. Commun. 2004, 17, 1934). Various palladium-catalyst/co-catalyst/ligand/base/solvent combinations have been published in the scientific literature which allow a fine-tuning of the required reaction conditions in order to allow for a broad set of additional functional groups on both coupling partners (see references in the above cited reviews). Additionally, recently developed procedures employing e.g. zinc acetylides, alkynyl magnesium salts or alkynyl trifluoroborate salts further broaden the scope of this process.

Specific Experimental Descriptions

NMR peak forms in the following specific experimental descriptions are stated as they appear in the spectra, possible higher order effects have not been considered. Names of compounds were generated using ACD/Name Batch version 12.01. In some cases generally accepted names of commercially available reagents were used. Reactions employing microwave irradiation may be run with a Biotage Initator® microwave oven optionally equipped with a robotic unit. The reported reaction times employing microwave heating are intended to be understood as fixed reaction times after reaching the indicated reaction temperature. The compounds and intermediates produced according to the methods of the invention may require purification. Purification of organic compounds is well known to the person skilled in the art and there may be several ways of purifying the same compound. In some cases, no purification may be necessary. In some cases, the compounds may be purified by crystallization. In some cases, impurities may be stirred out using a suitable solvent. In some cases, the compounds may be purified by chromatography, particularly flash column chromatography, using for example prepacked silica gel cartridges, e.g. from Separtis such as Isolute® Flash silica gel or Isolute® Flash NH₂ silica gel in combination with a Isolera autopurifier (Biotage) and eluents such as gradients of e.g. hexane/ethyl acetate or DCM/methanol. In some cases, the compounds may be purified by preparative HPLC using for example a Waters autopurifier equipped with a diode array detector and/or on-line electrospray ionization mass spectrometer in combination with a suitable prepacked reverse phase column and eluents such as gradients of water and acetonitrile which may contain additives such as trifluoroacetic acid, formic acid or aqueous ammonia. In some cases, purification methods as described above can provide those compounds of the present invention which possess a sufficiently basic or acidic functionality in the form of a salt, such as, in the case of a compound of the present invention which is sufficiently basic, a trifluoroacetate or formate salt for example, or, in the case of a compound of the present invention which is sufficiently acidic, an ammonium salt for example. A salt of this type can either be transformed into its free base or free acid form, respectively, by various methods known to the person skilled in the art, or be used as salts in subsequent biological assays. It is to be understood that the specific form (e.g. salt, free base etc) of a compound of the present invention as isolated as described herein is not necessarily the only form in which said compound can be applied to a biological assay in order to quantify the specific biological activity.

The percentage yields reported in the following examples are based on the starting component that was used in the lowest molar amount. Air and moisture sensitive liquids and solutions were transferred via syringe or cannula, and introduced into reaction vessels through rubber septa. Commercial grade reagents and solvents were used without further purification. The term “concentrated in vacuo” refers to use of a Buchi rotary evaporator at a minimum pressure of approximately 15 mm of Hg. All temperatures are reported uncorrected in degrees Celsius (° C.).

In order that this invention may be better understood, the following examples are set forth. These examples are for the purpose of illustration only, and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any manner. All publications mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Analytical LC-MS Conditions:

LC-MS-data given in the subsequent specific experimental descriptions refer (unless otherwise noted) to the following conditions:

System: Waters Acquity UPLC-MS: Binary Solvent Manager, Sample Manager/Organizer, Column Manager, PDA, ELSD, SQD 3001 or ZQ4000 System: Waters Acquity UPLC-MS: Binary Solvent Manager, Sample Manager/Organizer, PDA, ELSD, Column: Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 50 × 2.1 mm Solvent: A1 = H2O + 0.1% HCOOH A2 = H2O + 0.2% NH3 B1 = Acetonitrile Gradient: 0-1.6 min 1-99% B, 1.6-2.0 min 99% B Flow: 0.8 mL/min Temperatuer: 60° C Injektion: 2.0 μl Detection: DAD scan range 210-400 nm −> Peaktable ELSD Methods: MS ESI+, ESI− Switch −> variouse scan ranges (Report Header) Method 1: A1 + B1 = C:\MassLynx\Mass_100_1000.flp Method 2: A1 + B1 = C:\MassLynx\Mass_160_1000.flp Method 3: A1 + B1 = C:\MassLynx\Mass_160_2000.flp Method 4: A1 + B1 = C:\MassLynx\Mass_160_1000_BasicReport.flp Method 5: A2 + B1 = C:\MassLynx\NH3_Mass_100_1000.flp Method 6: A2 + B1 = C:\MassLynx\NH3_Mass_160- _1000_BasicReport.flp

Preparative HPLC Conditions:

“Purification by preparative HPLC” in the subsequent specific experimental descriptions refers to (unless otherwise noted) the following conditions:

Analytics:

System: Waters Aqcuity UPLC-MS: Binary Solvent Manager, Sample Manager/Organizer, Column Manager, PDA, ELSD, SQD 3001 Column: Aqcuity BEH C18 1.7 50 × 2.1 mm Solvent: A = H₂O + 0.1% HCOOH B = Acetonitril Gradient: 0-1.6 min 1-99% B, 1.6-2.0 min 99% B Flow: 0.8 mL/min Temperature: 60° C Injection: 2.0 μl Detection: DAD scan range 210-400 nm MS ESI+, ESI−, scan range 160-1000 m/z ELSD

Preparation:

System: Waters Autopurificationsystem: Pump 2545, Sample Manager 2767, CFO, DAD 2996, ELSD 2424, SQD 3001 Column: XBrigde C18 5 μm 100 × 30 mm Solvent: A = H₂O + 0.1% HCOOH B = Acetonitril Gradient: 0-1 min 1% B, 1-8 min 1-99% B, 8-10 min 99% B Flow: 50 mL/min Temperature: RT Solution: Max. 250 mg/2.5 mL DMSO o. DMF Injection: 1 × 2.5 mL Detection: DAD scan range 210-400 nm MS ESI+, ESI−, scan range 160-1000 m/z

Chiral HPLC Conditions:

Chiral HPLC-data given in the subsequent specific experimental descriptions refer to the following conditions:

Analytics:

System: Dionex: Pump 680, ASI 100, Waters: UV-Detektor 2487 Column: Chiralpak IC 5 μm 150 × 4.6 mm Solvent: Hexan/Ethanol 80:20 + 0.1% Diethylamin Flow: 1.0 mL/min Temperature: 25° C. Solution: 1.0 mg/mL EtOH/MeOH 1:1 Injection: 5.0 μl Detection: UV 280 nm

Preparation:

System: Agilent: Prep 1200, 2 × Prep Pump, DLA, MWD, Prep FC, ESA: Corona Column: Chiralpak IC 5 μm 250 × 30 mm Solvent: Hexan/Ethanol 80:20 + 0.1% Diethylamin Flow: 40 mL/min Temperature: RT Solution: 660 mg/5.6 mL EtOH Injection: 8 × 0.7 mL Detection: UV 280 nm

Flash Column Chromatography Conditions:

“Purification by (flash) column chromatography” as stated in the subsequent specific experimental descriptions refers to the use of Biotage Flashmaster II or Isolera (SP4) purification systems. For technical specifications see “Biotage product catalogue” on www.biotage.com.

Determination of Optical Rotation Conditions:

Optical rotations were measured in DMSO, at 589 nm wavelength, 20° C., concentration 1.0000 g/100 ml, intergration time 10 s, film thickness 100.00 mm.

Synthetic Intermediates Intermediate 1.A Preparation of 3-fluoro-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinic acid

25 g 3,5-difluoroisonicotinic acid (157.141 mmol, 1 eq.) and 37,245 g 2-fluoro-4-iodoaniline (157.141 mmol. 1 eq.) were dissolved in 1275.5 mL of dry THF and put under a nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was cooled with an ice bath to +3° C., upon which 471.422 mL lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) solution (1M in THF; 471.422 mmol, 3. eq.) were added slowly. Upon completion of addition of the base, the reaction mixtures was allowed to warm to rt and stirring was continued for 18 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated in Vacuo and then partitioned between aq. sodium hydroxide solution (2N, 800 ml) and dichloromethane. The separated organic phase was washed twice with sodium hydroxide solution (2N, 300 ml each). The combined aqueouse layers were cooled to 0° C. and treated with HCl (conc., 222 ml) until ph=2 was reached. The resulting yellow suspension was stirred for 18 h at room temperature and then the precipitate was filtered off to yield 5.15 g (13.01 mmol, 8%) of the analytically pure target compound as a tanish solid. The organic filtrate formed a suspension as well. This precipitate was filtered off as well and rinsed twice with dichloromethane. The precipitate was suspended in water (400 ml), cooled to 0° C. and treated with HCl (conc., 20 ml) until ph=1 was reached. The resulting yellow suspension was stirred for 18 h at room temperature and then the precipitate was filtered off to yield 28.27 g (71.41 mmol, 45%) of the analytically pure target compound as a yellowish solid.

1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=7.15 (t, 1H), 7.47 (dbr, 1H), 7.66 (dd, 1H), 8.04-8.17 (m, 2H), 8.68 (sbr, 1H).

LC-MS: retention time: 1.11 min

MS ES⁺: 376.9 [M−H]⁺

Intermediate 2.A Preparation of 3-fluoro-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinamide

5.000 g of 3-fluoro-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinic acid (13.294 mmol, 1. eq.) and 4.980 g of 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazol (30.710 mmol. 2.31 eq) were weighed into a round-bottom flask. 650 mL of dry DMF were added under a nitrogen atmosphere and the resulting mixture was stirred at 60° C. for 1.5 hours. The mixture was cooled to 3° C. in an ice bath, then ammonia (25 weight % in water) was added dropwise and the mixture stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The resulting slurry was filtered off, the precipitate was rinsed with water and then dried in vacuo to yield 2.54 g (6.36 mmol, 48%) of the analytically pure target compound.

1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=7.13 (dt, 1H), 7.44 (dbr, 1H), 7.63 (dd, 1H), 8.05-8.18 (m, 3H), 8.34 (sbr, 1H).

LC-MS: retention time: 1.13 min

MS ES⁺: 375.9 [M+H]⁺

EXAMPLE COMPOUNDS Example 1 Preparation of 3-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]-5-[(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl)oxy]isonicotinamide

100 mg of 3-fluoro-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinamide (0.251 mmol, 1. eq.) were dissolved in DMF under a nitrogen atmosphere, then 245 mg of cesium carbonate (0.752 mmol, 3 eq.) and 45 mg of 5-hydroxy-1,3-benzoxazol-2(3H)-one (0.301 mmol, 1.2 eq.) were added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 50° C. bath temperature for 3 days. Then the mixture was partitioned between aq. NH₄Cl solution (30 ml) and dichloromethane (30 ml). The phases were separated and the aqueouse layer was reextracted twice with dichloromethane/isopropanole (4:1, 30 ml each).

The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 ml), dried over a silicone filter and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to yield 43 mg (0.08 mmol, 33%) of the analytically pure target compound.

1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=6.81 (dd, 1H), 6.87 (d, 1H), 7.11 (br. dd, 1H), 7.28 (d, 1H), 7.43 (br. d, 1H), 7.62 (dd, 1H), 7.66 (s, 1H), 7.95 (br. s, 1H), 8.05 (br. s, 1H), 8.06-8.15 (m, 2H), 11.71 (br. s, 1H).

LC-MS: retention time: 1.16 min

MS ES⁺: 506.9 [M+H]⁺

Example 2 Preparation of tert-butyl [3-({4-carbamoyl-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]pyridin-3-yl}oxy)phenyl]carbamate

31 mg of 3-fluoro-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinamide (0.083 mmol, 1. eq.) and 17 mg of tert-butyl (3-hydroxyphenyl)carbamate (0.083 mmol, 1 eq.) were dissolved in 1 ml of DMF, then 81 mg of cesium carbonate (0.248 mmol, 3 eq.) were added. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. Since the reaction was not complete, the mixture was stirred for another 3 days at 50° C. bath temperature. The mixture was then partitioned between aq. NH₄Cl solution (10 ml) and dichloromethane (10 ml). The phases were separated and the aqueouse layer was reextracted twice with dichloromethane (10 ml each). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 ml), dried over a silicone filter and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to yield 17 mg (0.03 mmol, 30%) of the analytically pure target compound.

LC-MS: retention time: 1.39 min

MS ES⁺: 565.43 [M−H]⁺

Example 3 Preparation of 3-(3-aminophenoxy)-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinamide

840 mg of tert-butyl [3-({4-carbamoyl-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]pyridin-3-yl}oxy)phenyl]carbamate (1.488 mmol, 1 eq.) were dissolved in 8 mL dichloromethane under a nitrogen atmosphere. Then 1.6 ml of TFA were added and the brownish solution was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. Then 4 ml of saturated aqueouse NaHCO3 solution was added and the mixture was stirred for 4 hours while a suspension was forming, that was filtered off. Drying of the precipitate in vacuo yielded 615 mg of the analytically pure target compound (1.488 mmol, 87% yield) as a yellowish solid.

1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=5.24 (m, 2H), 6.15 (m, 1H), 6.19 (m, 1H), 6.31 (m, 1H), 6.97 (t, 1H), 7.12 (m, 1H), 7.43 (br. d, 1H), 7.62 (dd, 1H), 7.72 (m, 1H), 7.94 (br. s, 2H), 8.08-8.12 (m, 1H), 8.24 (br. s, 1H).

LC-MS: retention time: 1.17 min

MS ES⁺: 464.7 [M−H]⁺

Example 4 Preparation of 3-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]-5-{3](isopropylsulfonyl)amino]phen-oxy}isonicotinamide

150 mg of 3-(3-aminophenoxy)-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinamide (0.323 mmol, 1 eq.) were dissolved in 2 mL of pyridine under a nitrogen atmosphere, then 69 mg of isopropylsulfonylchloride (0.485 mmol, 1.5 eq.) were added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was partitioned between dichloromethane (20 ml) and water (10 ml). The phases were separated and the aqueouse phase was reextracted twice with dichloromethane (20 ml each). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 ml), dried over a silicone filter and concentrated in vacuo. The liquid residue was dissolved in 4 ml of toluene and again concentrated in vacuo. Preparative HPLC purification provided 45 mg of the analytically pure target compound (0.07 mmol, 21% yield).

1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=1.20 (d, 6H), 2.38-2.56 (m, 1H), 6.67 (dd, 1H), 6.91-7.00 (m, 2H), 7.12 (dt, 1H), 7.27 (t, 1H), 7.42 (br. d, 1H), 7.62 (dd, 1H), 7.76 (d, 1H), 7.92 (br. s, 1H), 8.03 (br. s, 1H), 8.12-8.16 (m, 2H), 9.88 (br. s, 1H).

LC-MS: retention time: 1.23 min

MS ES⁺: 571.1 [M−H]⁺

The following example compounds 5 to 10 were prepared by treating 3-(3-aminophenoxy)-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinamide with the respective commercially available sulfonyl chlorides and carbonic acid chlorides in the presence of pyridine in analogy to general procedure 1.

Example Structure Name Analytical Data  5

3-[(2-fluoro-4- iodophenyl)amino]- 5-{3- [(methylsulfonyl) amino]phenoxy} isonicotinamide 1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm] = 2.99 (s, 3H), 6.71 (dd, 1H), 6.91 (m, 1H), 6.95 (br. d, 1H), 7.11 (br. t, 1H), 7.30 (t, 1H), 7.43 (br. d, 1H), 7.62 (dd, 1H), 7.78 (br. s, 1H), 7.92 (br. s, 1H), 8.03 (br. s, 1H), 8.12-8.16 (m, 2H), 9.87 (s, 1H). LC-MS: retention time: 1.15 min MS ES⁺: 542.9 [M + H]⁺  6

3-{3- [(ethylsulfonyl) amino]phenoxy}-5- [(2-fluoro-4- iodophenyl)amino] isonicotinamide 1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm] = 1.15 (t, 3H), 3.09 (q, 2H), 6.69 (dd, 1H), 6.91 (m, 1H), 6.95 (br. d, 1H), 7.11 (br. t, 1H), 7.29 (t, 1H), 7.43 (br. d, 1H), 7.62 (dd, 1H), 7.77 (s, 1H), 7.92 (br. s, 1H), 8.03 (br. s, 1H), 8.12- 8.16 (m, 2H), 9.91 (s, 1H). LC-MS: retention time: 1.24 min MS ES⁺: 556.9 [M + H]⁺  7

3-{3- [(cyclopropylsulfonyl) amino]phenoxy}- 5-[(2-fluoro-4- iodophenyl)amino] isonicotinamide 1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm] = 0.86-0.93 (m, 4H), 2.63 (m, 1H), 6.72 (dd, 1H), 6.93 (m, 1H), 6.98 (br. d, 1H), 7.12 (br. t, 1H), 7.29 (t, 1H), 7.42 (br. d, 1H), 7.62 (dd, 1H), 7.76 (br. s, 1H), 7.93 (br. s, 1H), 8.04 (br. s, 1H), 8.11-8.17 (m, 2H), 9.85 (s, 1H). LC-MS: retention time: 1.25 min MS ES⁺: 568.9 [M + H]⁺  8

3-(3- acetamidophenoxy)- 5-[(2-fluoro-4- iodophenyl)amino] isonicotinamide 1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm] = 1.98 (s, 3H), 6.67 (dt, 1H), 7.12 (dt, 1H), 7.21- 7.31 (m, 2H), 7.35 (m, 1H), 7.43 (br. d, 1H), 7.62 (dd, 1H), 7.76 (br. s, 1H), 7.92 (br. s, 1H), 8.02 (br. s, 1H), 8.13 (m, 1H), 8.17 (br. s, 1H), 10.00 (s, 1H). LC-MS: retention time: 1.18 min MS ES⁺: 507.0 [M + H]⁺  9

3-[(2-fluoro-4- iodophenyl)amino]- 5-[3- (propionylamino) phenoxy] isonicotinamide 1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm] = 1.02 (t, 3H), 2.26 (q, 2H), 6.68 (ddd, 1H), 7.12 (td, 1H), 7.22-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.38 (m, 1H), 7.43 (br. d, 1H), 7.62 (dd, 1H), 7.76 (br. s, 1H), 7.92 (br. s, 1H), 8.01 (br. s, 1H), 8.11-8.19 (m, 2H), 9.03 (s, 1H). LC-MS: retention time: 1.19 min MS ES⁺: 521.1 [M + H]⁺ 10

3-[(2-fluoro-4- iodophenyl)amino]- 5-[3- (isobutyrylamino) phenoxy] isonicotinamide 1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm] = 1.04 (d, 6H), 6.68 (ddd, 1H), 7.12 (td, 1H), 7.25 (t, 1H), 7.32 (br. d, 1H), 7.38- 7.45 (m, 2H), 7.62 (dd, 1H), 7.76 (br. s, 1H), 7.93 (br. s, 1H), 8.02 (br. s, 1H), 8.12-8.20 (m, 2H), 9.90 (s, 1H). LC-MS: retention time: 1.24 min MS ES⁺: 535.2 [M + H]⁺

Example 11 Preparation of 3-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]-5-[(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)oxy]isonicotinamide

500 mg of 3-fluoro-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinamide (0.253 mmol, 1. eq.) were dissolved in 5 ml of DMF, then 1225 mg of cesium carbonate (3.759 mmol, 3 eq.) and 125 mg of 4-methyl-3-pentene-1-ol (0.253 mmol, 1 eq.) were added. The resulting mixture was stirred at 70° C. bath temperature for 24 hours. Since the reaction was not complete, the mixture was stirred for another 2 days at 70° C. bath temperature. Since the reaction was not complete, another 125 mg of 4-methyl-3-pentene-1-ol (0.253 mmol, 1 eq.) and 408 mg of cesium carbonate (0.253 mmol, 1 eq.) were added, and the mixture was stirred for another 2 days at 70° C. bath temperature. The resulting mixture was partitioned between aq. NH₄Cl solution (50 ml) and dichloromethane (50 ml). The phases were separated and the aqueouse layer was reextracted twice with dichloromethane (50 ml each). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (50 ml), dried over a silicone filter and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was suspended in ethyl acetate and stirred for 1 h, after which the precipitate was filtered off and dried in vacuo to yield 252 mg (0.52 mmol, 42%) of the analytically pure target compound.

LC-MS: retention time: 1.42 min

MS ES⁺: 456.0 [M−H]⁺

Example 12 Preparation of 3-[(3,4-dihydroxy-4-methylpentyl)oxy]-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinamide

252 mg of 3-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]-5-[(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)oxy]isonicotinamide (0.554 mmol, 1 eq.) were dissolved in 36 ml of Acetone and 6 ml of water were added to form a suspension. Then 454 mg of N-methyl-morpholino-N-oxide 3.875, 7 eq.) and 555 μl of an osmiumtetroxide solution (2.5 weight % in tert.-butanol, 0.044 mmol, 0.08 eq.) were added and the formed suspension was stirred for 18 hours at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between 50 ml each of water and dichloromethane/isopropanole (4:1). The aqueouse layer was separated and reextracted twice with dichloromethane/isopropanole (4:1). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over a silicone filter and concentrated to afford 272 mg (0.55 mmol, 100%) of the analytically pure target compound which required no further purification.

1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=1.00 (s, 3H), 1.05 (s, 3H), 1.58 (m, 1H), 2.04 (m, 1H), 3.25-3.36 (m, 1H), 4.17 (s, 1H), 4.23 (m, 2H), 4.62 (d, 1H), 7.12 (t, 1H), 7.41 (br. d, 1H), 7.61 (dd, 1H), 7.87 (br. s, 1H), 7.95 (br. s, 1H), 7.99-8.06 (m, 2H), 8.78 (s, 1H).

LC-MS: retention time: 1.05 min

MS ES⁺: 490.0 [M−H]⁺

Example 13 Preparation of 3-{3-[(ethylsulfonyl)amino]phenoxy}-5-({2-fluoro-4-[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]phenyl}amino)isonicotinamide

745 mg of 3-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]-5-[3-(propionylamino)phenoxy]isonicotinamide (1.339 mmol; 1 eq.) were suspended in 13.5 ml of triethylamine under a nitrogen athmosphere. Then 70 mg of triphenylphosphine (0.268 mmol, 0.2 eq.), 31 mg of bis(dibenzylidenaceton)palladium(0) (0.054 mmol, 0.04 eq.) and 10 mg of copper iodide (0.054 mmol, 0.04 eq.) were added subsequently. After stirring for 5 min, 1.1 ml of trimethylsislylacetylene (8.034 mmol, 6 eq.) were added and the resulting mixture stirred a 60° C. bath temperature for 18 hours. The suspension was filtered off and the residue was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to yield 262 mg (0.47 mmol, 35%) of the analytically pure target compound.

LC-MS: retention time: 1.46 min

MS ES⁺: 527.1 [M+H]⁺

Example 14 Preparation of 3-{3-[(ethylsulfonyl)amino]phenoxy}-5-[(4-ethynyl-2-fluorophenyl)amino]isonicotinamide

258 mg of 3-{3-[(ethylsulfonyl)amino]phenoxy}-5-({2-fluoro-41(trimethylsilyl)ethylnyl]phenyl}amino)isonicotinamide (0.490 mmol, 1 eq.) were dissolved in 4 mL of tetrahydrofurane under a nitrogen athmosphere. Then 0.5 ml of tetra-n-butylammoniumfluoride (0.490 mmol, 1 eq.) were added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and half concentrated aq. sodium hydrogen carbonate solution. The organic layer was separated and washed with brine, dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to yield 101 mg (0.22 mmol, 45%) of the analytically pure target compound.

1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=1.15 (t, 3H), 3.09 (q, 2H), 4.14 (s, 1H), 6.70 (dd, 1H), 6.90-6.98 (m, 2H), 7.16-7.39 (m, 4H), 7.83 (s, 1H), 7.93 (br. s, 1H), 8.04 (br. s, 1H), 8.22-8.28 (m, 2H), 9.92 (s, 1H).

LC-MS: retention time: 1.13 min

MS ES⁺: 455.0 [M−H]⁺

Example 15 Preparation of 3-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]-5-methoxyisonicotinamide

140 mg of 3-fluoro-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinamide (0.340 mmol, 1 eq.) were dissolved in 3 mL of tetrahydrofurane and cooled to −75° C. bath temperature upon which 18 mg sodium methoxide (0.340 mmol, 1 eq.) were added and the mixture allowed to come to room temperature. Then the mixture was stirred at 80° C. bath temperature for 3 days. Since the reaction was not completed another 18 mg sodium methoxide (0.340 mmol, 1 eq.) were added and the mixture stirred at 80° C. bath temperature for 1 more day. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between 20 ml each of water and dichloromethane. The aqueouse layer was separated and reextracted twice with dichloromethane (20 ml each). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (30 ml), dried over a silicone filter and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to afford 67 mg (0.17 mmol, 51%) of the analytically pure target compound.

1H-NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=3.89 (s, 3H), 7.09 (t, 1H), 7.40 (br. d, 1H), 7.60 (dd, 1H), 7.87 (br. s, 1H), 7.89 (br. s, 1H), 8.00-8.05 (m, 2H), 8.59 (s, 1H).

LC-MS: retention time: 1.09 min

MS ES⁺: 387.9 [M−H]⁺

Example 16 Preparation of N-(2-aminophenyl)-3-fluoro-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinamide

100 mg of 3-fluoro-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinic acid (0.266 mmol, 1 eq.; Intermediate 1A) were suspended in 2 mL of DMF and then 28,754 mg 1,2-diaminobenzene (0.266 mmol, 1 eq.), 215,339 mg of HATU (0.566 mmol, 2.13 eq.) and 73,196 mg of N,N-Diisopropylethylamine (0.566 mmol, 2.13 eq.) were added and stirring was continued at 50° C. temperature for 18 h. The reaction mixture was partitioned between 20 ml of ethyl acetate and 20 ml of brine. The aqueouse layer was reextracted twice with 20 ml of ethyl acetate each. The combined organic layers were dried over a silicone filter and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to afford 69 mg of the target compound in 72% UV-purity. This material was used for the next step without further purification.

LC-MS: retention time: 1.29 min

MS ES⁺: 466.9 [M−H]⁺

Example 17 Preparation of N-(2-acetamidophenyl)-3-fluoro-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinamide

69 mg of N-(2-aminophenyl)-3-fluoro-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinamide (0.148 mmol, 1 eq.) were dissolved in 1 mL of terahydrofurane under a nitrogen athmoshere, then 0.592 ml of a hexamethyl disilazane solution (1M in THF, 4 eq.) were added and stirring was continued at room temperature for 18 h. The reaction mixture was partitioned between 20 ml of ethyl acetate and 15 ml of aqueouse HCL solution (1M). The aqueouse layer was reextracted twice with 20 ml of ethyl acetate each. The combined organic layers were washed with 20 ml of brine, dried over a silicone filter and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash chromatography to yield 14 mg (0.03 mmol, 19%) of the analytically pure target compound.

1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6): δ [ppm]=1.97 (s, 3H), 7.10 (td, 1H), 7.13-7.21 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.49 (m, 3H), 7.63 (dd, 1H), 8.14 (br. s, 1H), 8.20 (s, 1H), 8.33 (br. s, 1H), 9.48 (s, 1H), 10.00 (s, 1H).

LC-MS: retention time: 1.21 min

MS ES⁺: 509.17 [M−H]⁺

Further, the compounds of formula (I) of the present invention can be converted to any salt as described herein, by any method which is known to the person skilled in the art. Similarly, any salt of a compound of formula (I) of the present invention can be converted into the free compound, by any method which is known to the person skilled in the art.

Pharmaceutical Compositions of the Compounds of the Invention

This invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more compounds of the present invention. These compositions can be utilised to achieve the desired pharmacological effect by administration to a patient in need thereof. A patient, for the purpose of this invention, is a mammal, including a human, in need of treatment for the particular condition or disease. Therefore, the present invention includes pharmaceutical compositions that are comprised of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound, or salt thereof, of the present invention. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier is preferably a carrier that is relatively non-toxic and innocuous to a patient at concentrations consistent with effective activity of the active ingredient so that any side effects ascribable to the carrier do not vitiate the beneficial effects of the active ingredient. A pharmaceutically effective amount of compound is preferably that amount which produces a result or exerts an influence on the particular condition being treated. The compounds of the present invention can be administered with pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers well known in the art using any effective conventional dosage unit forms, including immediate, slow and timed release preparations, orally, parenterally, topically, nasally, ophthalmically, optically, sublingually, rectally, vaginally, and the like.

For oral administration, the compounds can be formulated into solid or liquid preparations such as capsules, pills, tablets, troches, lozenges, melts, powders, solutions, suspensions, or emulsions, and may be prepared according to methods known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions. The solid unit dosage forms can be a capsule that can be of the ordinary hard- or soft-shelled gelatin type containing, for example, surfactants, lubricants, and inert fillers such as lactose, sucrose, calcium phosphate, and corn starch.

In another embodiment, the compounds of this invention may be tableted with conventional tablet bases such as lactose, sucrose and cornstarch in combination with binders such as acacia, corn starch or gelatin, disintegrating agents intended to assist the break-up and dissolution of the tablet following administration such as potato starch, alginic acid, corn starch, and guar gum, gum tragacanth, acacia, lubricants intended to improve the flow of tablet granulation and to prevent the adhesion of tablet material to the surfaces of the tablet dies and punches, for example talc, stearic acid, or magnesium, calcium or zinc stearate, dyes, coloring agents, and flavoring agents such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry flavoring, intended to enhance the aesthetic qualities of the tablets and make them more acceptable to the patient. Suitable excipients for use in oral liquid dosage forms include dicalcium phosphate and diluents such as water and alcohols, for example, ethanol, benzyl alcohol, and polyethylene alcohols, either with or without the addition of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant, suspending agent or emulsifying agent. Various other materials may be present as coatings or to otherwise modify the physical form of the dosage unit. For instance tablets, pills or capsules may be coated with shellac, sugar or both.

Dispersible powders and granules are suitable for the preparation of an aqueous suspension. They provide the active ingredient in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, a suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, for example those sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents described above, may also be present.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil such as liquid paraffin or a mixture of vegetable oils. Suitable emulsifying agents may be (1) naturally occurring gums such as gum acacia and gum tragacanth, (2) naturally occurring phosphatides such as soy bean and lecithin, (3) esters or partial esters derived form fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example, sorbitan monooleate, (4) condensation products of said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The emulsions may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.

Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending the active ingredient in a vegetable oil such as, for example, arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent such as, for example, beeswax, hard paraffin, or cetyl alcohol. The suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example, ethyl or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate; one or more coloring agents; one or more flavoring agents; and one or more sweetening agents such as sucrose or saccharin.

Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents such as, for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, and preservative, such as methyl and propyl parabens and flavoring and coloring agents.

The compounds of this invention may also be administered parenterally, that is, subcutaneously, intravenously, intraocularly, intrasynovially, intramuscularly, or interperitoneally, as injectable dosages of the compound in preferably a physiologically acceptable diluent with a pharmaceutical carrier which can be a sterile liquid or mixture of liquids such as water, saline, aqueous dextrose and related sugar solutions, an alcohol such as ethanol, isopropanol, or hexadecyl alcohol, glycols such as propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol, glycerol ketals such as 2,2-dimethyl-1,1-dioxolane-4-methanol, ethers such as poly(ethylene glycol) 400, an oil, a fatty acid, a fatty acid ester or, a fatty acid glyceride, or an acetylated fatty acid glyceride, with or without the addition of a pharmaceutically acceptable surfactant such as a soap or a detergent, suspending agent such as pectin, carbomers, methycellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, or carboxymethylcellulose, or emulsifying agent and other pharmaceutical adjuvants.

Illustrative of oils which can be used in the parenteral formulations of this invention are those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, for example, peanut oil, soybean oil, sesame oil, cottonseed oil, corn oil, olive oil, petrolatum and mineral oil. Suitable fatty acids include oleic acid, stearic acid, isostearic acid and myristic acid. Suitable fatty acid esters are, for example, ethyl oleate and isopropyl myristate. Suitable soaps include fatty acid alkali metal, ammonium, and triethanolamine salts and suitable detergents include cationic detergents, for example dimethyl dialkyl ammonium halides, alkyl pyridinium halides, and alkylamine acetates; anionic detergents, for example, alkyl, aryl, and olefin sulfonates, alkyl, olefin, ether, and monoglyceride sulfates, and sulfosuccinates; non-ionic detergents, for example, fatty amine oxides, fatty acid alkanolamides, and poly(oxyethylene-oxypropylene)s or ethylene oxide or propylene oxide copolymers; and amphoteric detergents, for example, alkyl-beta-aminopropionates, and 2-alkylimidazoline quarternary ammonium salts, as well as mixtures.

The parenteral compositions of this invention will typically contain from about 0.5% to about 25% by weight of the active ingredient in solution. Preservatives and buffers may also be used advantageously. In order to minimise or eliminate irritation at the site of injection, such compositions may contain a non-ionic surfactant having a hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) preferably of from about 12 to about 17. The quantity of surfactant in such formulation preferably ranges from about 5% to about 15% by weight. The surfactant can be a single component having the above HLB or can be a mixture of two or more components having the desired HLB.

Illustrative of surfactants used in parenteral formulations are the class of polyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, for example, sorbitan monooleate and the high molecular weight adducts of ethylene oxide with a hydrophobic base, formed by the condensation of propylene oxide with propylene glycol.

The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of sterile injectable aqueous suspensions. Such suspensions may be formulated according to known methods using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents such as, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia; dispersing or wetting agents which may be a naturally occurring phosphatide such as lecithin, a condensation product of an alkylene oxide with a fatty acid, for example, polyoxyethylene stearate, a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a long chain aliphatic alcohol, for example, heptadeca-ethyleneoxycetanol, a condensation product of ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived form a fatty acid and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or a condensation product of an ethylene oxide with a partial ester derived from a fatty acid and a hexitol anhydride, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate.

The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluent or solvent. Diluents and solvents that may be employed are, for example, water, Ringer's solution, isotonic sodium chloride solutions and isotonic glucose solutions. In addition, sterile fixed oils are conventionally employed as solvents or suspending media. For this purpose, any bland, fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid can be used in the preparation of injectables.

A composition of the invention may also be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration of the drug. These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritation excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials are, for example, cocoa butter and polyethylene glycol.

Another formulation employed in the methods of the present invention employs transdermal delivery devices (“patches”). Such transdermal patches may be used to provide continuous or discontinuous infusion of the compounds of the present invention in controlled amounts. The construction and use of transdermal patches for the delivery of pharmaceutical agents is well known in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,023,252, issued Jun. 11, 1991, incorporated herein by reference). Such patches may be constructed for continuous, pulsatile, or on demand delivery of pharmaceutical agents.

Controlled release formulations for parenteral administration include liposomal, polymeric microsphere and polymeric gel formulations that are known in the art.

It may be desirable or necessary to introduce the pharmaceutical composition to the patient via a mechanical delivery device. The construction and use of mechanical delivery devices for the delivery of pharmaceutical agents is well known in the art. Direct techniques for, for example, administering a drug directly to the brain usually involve placement of a drug delivery catheter into the patient's ventricular system to bypass the blood-brain barrier. One such implantable delivery system, used for the transport of agents to specific anatomical regions of the body, is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,472, issued Apr. 30, 1991.

The compositions of the invention can also contain other conventional pharmaceutically acceptable compounding ingredients, generally referred to as carriers or diluents, as necessary or desired. Conventional procedures for preparing such compositions in appropriate dosage forms can be utilized. Such ingredients and procedures include those described in the following references, each of which is incorporated herein by reference: Powell, M. F. et al., “Compendium of Excipients for Parenteral Formulations” PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology 1998, 52(5), 238-311; Strickley, R. G “Parenteral Formulations of Small Molecule Therapeutics Marketed in the United States (1999)-Part-1” PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology 1999, 53(6), 324-349; and Nema, S. et al., “Excipients and Their Use in Injectable Products” PDA Journal of Pharmaceutical Science & Technology 1997, 51(4), 166-171.

Commonly used pharmaceutical ingredients that can be used as appropriate to formulate the composition for its intended route of administration include:

acidifying agents (examples include but are not limited to acetic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid); alkalinizing agents (examples include but are not limited to ammonia solution, ammonium carbonate, diethanolamine, monoethanolamine, potassium hydroxide, sodium borate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide, triethanolamine, trolamine); adsorbents (examples include but are not limited to powdered cellulose and activated charcoal); aerosol propellants (examples include but are not limited to carbon dioxide, CCl₂F₂, F₂ClC-CClF₂ and CClF₃) air displacement agents (examples include but are not limited to nitrogen and argon); antifungal preservatives (examples include but are not limited to benzoic acid, butylparaben, ethylparaben, methylparaben, propylparaben, sodium benzoate); antimicrobial preservatives (examples include but are not limited to benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, benzyl alcohol, cetylpyridinium chloride, chlorobutanol, phenol, phenylethyl alcohol, phenylmercuric nitrate and thimerosal); antioxidants (examples include but are not limited to ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, hypophosphorus acid, monothioglycerol, propyl gallate, sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, sodium metabisulfite); binding materials (examples include but are not limited to block polymers, natural and synthetic rubber, polyacrylates, polyurethanes, silicones, polysiloxanes and styrene-butadiene copolymers); buffering agents (examples include but are not limited to potassium metaphosphate, dipotassium phosphate, sodium acetate, sodium citrate anhydrous and sodium citrate dihydrate) carrying agents (examples include but are not limited to acacia syrup, aromatic syrup, aromatic elixir, cherry syrup, cocoa syrup, orange syrup, syrup, corn oil, mineral oil, peanut oil, sesame oil, bacteriostatic sodium chloride injection and bacteriostatic water for injection) chelating agents (examples include but are not limited to edetate disodium and edetic acid) colorants (examples include but are not limited to FD&C Red No. 3, FD&C Red No. 20, FD&C Yellow No. 6, FD&C Blue No. 2, D&C Green No. 5, D&C Orange No. 5, D&C Red No. 8, caramel and ferric oxide red); clarifying agents (examples include but are not limited to bentonite); emulsifying agents (examples include but are not limited to acacia, cetomacrogol, cetyl alcohol, glyceryl monostearate, lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene 50 monostearate); encapsulating agents (examples include but are not limited to gelatin and cellulose acetate phthalate) flavorants (examples include but are not limited to anise oil, cinnamon oil, cocoa, menthol, orange oil, peppermint oil and vanillin); humectants (examples include but are not limited to glycerol, propylene glycol and sorbitol); levigating agents (examples include but are not limited to mineral oil and glycerin); oils (examples include but are not limited to arachis oil, mineral oil, olive oil, peanut oil, sesame oil and vegetable oil); ointment bases (examples include but are not limited to lanolin, hydrophilic ointment, polyethylene glycol ointment, petrolatum, hydrophilic petrolatum, white ointment, yellow ointment, and rose water ointment); penetration enhancers (transdermal delivery) (examples include but are not limited to monohydroxy or polyhydroxy alcohols, mono- or polyvalent alcohols, saturated or unsaturated fatty alcohols, saturated or unsaturated fatty esters, saturated or unsaturated dicarboxylic acids, essential oils, phosphatidyl derivatives, cephalin, terpenes, amides, ethers, ketones and ureas) plasticizers (examples include but are not limited to diethyl phthalate and glycerol); solvents (examples include but are not limited to ethanol, corn oil, cottonseed oil, glycerol, isopropanol, mineral oil, oleic acid, peanut oil, purified water, water for injection, sterile water for injection and sterile water for irrigation); stiffening agents (examples include but are not limited to cetyl alcohol, cetyl esters wax, microcrystalline wax, paraffin, stearyl alcohol, white wax and yellow wax); suppository bases (examples include but are not limited to cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols (mixtures)); surfactants (examples include but are not limited to benzalkonium chloride, nonoxynol 10, oxtoxynol 9, polysorbate 80, sodium lauryl sulfate and sorbitan mono-palmitate); suspending agents (examples include but are not limited to agar, bentonite, carbomers, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, kaolin, methylcellulose, tragacanth and veegum); sweetening agents (examples include but are not limited to aspartame, dextrose, glycerol, mannitol, propylene glycol, saccharin sodium, sorbitol and sucrose); tablet anti-adherents (examples include but are not limited to magnesium stearate and talc); tablet binders (examples include but are not limited to acacia, alginic acid, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, compressible sugar, ethylcellulose, gelatin, liquid glucose, methylcellulose, non-crosslinked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and pregelatinized starch); tablet and capsule diluents (examples include but are not limited to dibasic calcium phosphate, kaolin, lactose, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, powdered cellulose, precipitated calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium phosphate, sorbitol and starch); tablet coating agents (examples include but are not limited to liquid glucose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, cellulose acetate phthalate and shellac); tablet direct compression excipients (examples include but are not limited to dibasic calcium phosphate); tablet disintegrants (examples include but are not limited to alginic acid, carboxymethylcellulose calcium, microcrystalline cellulose, polacrillin potassium, cross-linked polyvinylpyrrolidone, sodium alginate, sodium starch glycollate and starch); tablet glidants (examples include but are not limited to colloidal silica, corn starch and talc); tablet lubricants (examples include but are not limited to calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, mineral oil, stearic acid and zinc stearate); tablet/capsule opaquants (examples include but are not limited to titanium dioxide); tablet polishing agents (examples include but are not limited to carnuba wax and white wax); thickening agents (examples include but are not limited to beeswax, cetyl alcohol and paraffin); tonicity agents (examples include but are not limited to dextrose and sodium chloride); viscosity increasing agents (examples include but are not limited to alginic acid, bentonite, carbomers, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, methylcellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium alginate and tragacanth); and wetting agents (examples include but are not limited to heptadecaethylene oxycetanol, lecithins, sorbitol monooleate, polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, and polyoxyethylene stearate).

Pharmaceutical compositions according to the present invention can be illustrated as follows:

Sterile IV Solution: A 5 mg/mL solution of the desired compound of this invention can be made using sterile, injectable water, and the pH is adjusted if necessary. The solution is diluted for administration to 1-2 mg/mL with sterile 5% dextrose and is administered as an IV infusion over about 60 minutes. Lyophilised powder for IV administration: A sterile preparation can be prepared with (i) 100-1000 mg of the desired compound of this invention as a lyophilised powder, (ii) 32-327 mg/mL sodium citrate, and (iii) 300-3000 mg Dextran 40. The formulation is reconstituted with sterile, injectable saline or dextrose 5% to a concentration of 10 to 20 mg/mL, which is further diluted with saline or dextrose 5% to 0.2-0.4 mg/mL, and is administered either IV bolus or by IV infusion over 15-60 minutes. Intramuscular suspension: The following solution or suspension can be prepared, for intramuscular injection: 50 mg/mL of the desired, water-insoluble compound of this invention 5 mg/mL sodium carboxymethylcellulose 4 mg/mL TWEEN 80 9 mg/mL sodium chloride 9 mg/mL benzyl alcohol Hard Shell Capsules: A large number of unit capsules are prepared by filling standard two-piece hard galantine capsules each with 100 mg of powdered active ingredient, 150 mg of lactose, 50 mg of cellulose and 6 mg of magnesium stearate. Soft Gelatin Capsules: A mixture of active ingredient in a digestible oil such as soybean oil, cottonseed oil or olive oil is prepared and injected by means of a positive displacement pump into molten gelatin to form soft gelatin capsules containing 100 mg of the active ingredient. The capsules are washed and dried. The active ingredient can be dissolved in a mixture of polyethylene glycol, glycerin and sorbitol to prepare a water miscible medicine mix. Tablets: A large number of tablets are prepared by conventional procedures so that the dosage unit is 100 mg of active ingredient, 0.2 mg. of colloidal silicon dioxide, 5 mg of magnesium stearate, 275 mg of microcrystalline cellulose, 11 mg. of starch, and 98.8 mg of lactose. Appropriate aqueous and non-aqueous coatings may be applied to increase palatability, improve elegance and stability or delay absorption. Immediate Release Tablets/Capsules: These are solid oral dosage forms made by conventional and novel processes. These units are taken orally without water for immediate dissolution and delivery of the medication. The active ingredient is mixed in a liquid containing ingredient such as sugar, gelatin, pectin and sweeteners. These liquids are solidified into solid tablets or caplets by freeze drying and solid state extraction techniques. The drug compounds may be compressed with viscoelastic and thermoelastic sugars and polymers or effervescent components to produce porous matrices intended for immediate release, without the need of water.

Combination Therapies

The compounds of this invention can be administered as the sole pharmaceutical agent or in combination with one or more other pharmaceutical agents where the combination causes no unacceptable adverse effects. The present invention relates also to such combinations. For example, the compounds of this invention can be combined with known anti-hyper-proliferative or other indication agents, and the like, as well as with admixtures and combinations thereof. Other indication agents include, but are not limited to, anti-angiogenic agents, mitotic inhibitors, alkylating agents, anti-metabolites, DNA-intercalating antibiotics, growth factor inhibitors, cell cycle inhibitors, enzyme inhibitors, toposisomerase inhibitors, biological response modifiers, or anti-hormones.

The additional pharmaceutical agent can be aldesleukin, alendronic acid, alfaferone, alitretinoin, allopurinol, aloprim, aloxi, altretamine, aminoglutethimide, amifostine, amrubicin, amsacrine, anastrozole, anzmet, aranesp, arglabin, arsenic trioxide, aromasin, 5-azacytidine, azathioprine, BAY 80-6946, BCG or tice BCG, bestatin, betamethasone acetate, betamethasone sodium phosphate, bexarotene, bleomycin sulfate, broxuridine, bortezomib, busulfan, calcitonin, campath, capecitabine, carboplatin, casodex, cefesone, celmoleukin, cerubidine, chlorambucil, cisplatin, cladribine, cladribine, clodronic acid, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, DaunoXome, decadron, decadron phosphate, delestrogen, denileukin diftitox, depo-medrol, deslorelin, dexrazoxane, diethylstilbestrol, diflucan, docetaxel, doxifluridine, doxorubicin, dronabinol, DW-166HC, eligard, elitek, ellence, emend, epirubicin, epoetin alfa, epogen, eptaplatin, ergamisol, estrace, estradiol, estramustine phosphate sodium, ethinyl estradiol, ethyol, etidronic acid, etopophos, etoposide, fadrozole, farston, filgrastim, finasteride, fligrastim, floxuridine, fluconazole, fludarabine, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), fluoxymesterone, flutamide, formestane, fosteabine, fotemustine, fulvestrant, gammagard, gemcitabine, gemtuzumab, gleevec, gliadel, goserelin, granisetron HCl, histrelin, hycamtin, hydrocortone, eyrthro-hydroxynonyladenine, hydroxyurea, ibritumomab tiuxetan, idarubicin, ifosfamide, interferon alpha, interferon-alpha 2, interferon alfa-2A, interferon alfa-2B, interferon alfa-n1, interferon alfa-n3, interferon beta, interferon gamma-1a, interleukin-2, intron A, iressa, irinotecan, kytril, lentinan sulfate, letrozole, leucovorin, leuprolide, leuprolide acetate, levamisole, levofolinic acid calcium salt, levothroid, levoxyl, lomustine, lonidamine, marinol, mechlorethamine, mecobalamin, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, melphalan, menest, 6-mercaptopurine, Mesna, methotrexate, metvix, miltefosine, minocycline, mitomycin C, mitotane, mitoxantrone, Modrenal, Myocet, nedaplatin, neulasta, neumega, neupogen, nilutamide, nolvadex, NSC-631570, OCT-43, octreotide, ondansetron HCl, orapred, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pediapred, pegaspargase, Pegasys, pentostatin, picibanil, pilocarpine HCl, pirarubicin, plicamycin, porfimer sodium, prednimustine, prednisolone, prednisone, premarin, procarbazine, procrit, raltitrexed, RDEA 119, rebif, rhenium-186 etidronate, rituximab, roferon-A, romurtide, salagen, sandostatin, sargramostim, semustine, sizofiran, sobuzoxane, solu-medrol, sparfosic acid, stem-cell therapy, streptozocin, strontium-89 chloride, synthroid, tamoxifen, tamsulosin, tasonermin, tastolactone, taxotere, teceleukin, temozolomide, teniposide, testosterone propionate, testred, thioguanine, thiotepa, thyrotropin, tiludronic acid, topotecan, toremifene, tositumomab, trastuzumab, treosulfan, tretinoin, trexall, trimethylmelamine, trimetrexate, triptorelin acetate, triptorelin pamoate, UFT, uridine, valrubicin, vesnarinone, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine, virulizin, zinecard, zinostatin stimalamer, zofran, ABI-007, acolbifene, actimmune, affinitak, aminopterin, arzoxifene, asoprisnil, atamestane, atrasentan, sorafenib, avastin, CCl-779, CDC-501, celebrex, cetuximab, crisnatol, cyproterone acetate, decitabine, DN-101, doxorubicin-MTC, dSLIM, dutasteride, edotecarin, eflornithine, exatecan, fenretinide, histamine dihydrochloride, histrelin hydrogel implant, holmium-166 DOTMP, ibandronic acid, interferon gamma, intron-PEG, ixabepilone, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, L-651582, lanreotide, lasofoxifene, libra, lonafarnib, miproxifene, minodronate, MS-209, liposomal MTP-PE, MX-6, nafarelin, nemorubicin, neovastat, nolatrexed, oblimersen, onco-TCS, osidem, paclitaxel polyglutamate, pamidronate disodium, PN-401, QS-21, quazepam, R-1549, raloxifene, ranpirnase, 13-cis-retinoic acid, satraplatin, seocalcitol, T-138067, tarceva, taxoprexin, thymosin alpha 1, tiazofurine, tipifarnib, tirapazamine, TLK-286, toremifene, TransMID-107R, valspodar, vapreotide, vatalanib, verteporfin, vinflunine, Z-100, zoledronic acid or combinations thereof.

Optional anti-hyper-proliferative agents which can be added to the composition include but are not limited to compounds listed on the cancer chemotherapy drug regimens in the 11^(th) Edition of the Merck Index, (1996), which is hereby incorporated by reference, such as asparaginase, bleomycin, carboplatin, carmustine, chlorambucil, cisplatin, colaspase, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, doxorubicin (adriamycine), epirubicin, etoposide, 5-fluorouracil, hexamethylmelamine, hydroxyurea, ifosfamide, irinotecan, leucovorin, lomustine, mechlorethamine, 6-mercaptopurine, mesna, methotrexate, mitomycin C, mitoxantrone, prednisolone, prednisone, procarbazine, raloxifen, streptozocin, tamoxifen, thioguanine, topotecan, vinblastine, vincristine, and vindesine.

Other anti-hyper-proliferative agents suitable for use with the composition of the invention include but are not limited to those compounds acknowledged to be used in the treatment of neoplastic diseases in Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (Ninth Edition), editor Molinoff et al., publ. by McGraw-Hill, pages 1225-1287, (1996), which is hereby incorporated by reference, such as aminoglutethimide, L-asparaginase, azathioprine, 5-azacytidine cladribine, busulfan, diethylstilbestrol, 2′,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine, docetaxel, erythrohydroxynonyl adenine, ethinyl estradiol, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine mono-phosphate, fludarabine phosphate, fluoxymesterone, flutamide, hydroxyprogesterone caproate, idarubicin, interferon, medroxyprogesterone acetate, megestrol acetate, melphalan, mitotane, paclitaxel, pentostatin, N-phosphonoacetyl-L-aspartate (PALA), plicamycin, semustine, teniposide, testosterone propionate, thiotepa, trimethylmelamine, uridine, and vinorelbine.

Other anti-hyper-proliferative agents suitable for use with the composition of the invention include but are not limited to other anti-cancer agents such as epothilone and its derivatives, irinotecan, raloxifen and topotecan.

The compounds of the invention may also be administered in combination with protein therapeutics. Such protein therapeutics suitable for the treatment of cancer or other angiogenic disorders and for use with the compositions of the invention include, but are not limited to, an interferon (e.g., interferon .alpha., .beta., or .gamma.) supraagonistic monoclonal antibodies, Tuebingen, TRP-1 protein vaccine, Colostrinin, anti-FAP antibody, YH-16, gemtuzumab, infliximab, cetuximab, trastuzumab, denileukin diftitox, rituximab, thymosin alpha 1, bevacizumab, mecasermin, mecasermin rinfabate, oprelvekin, natalizumab, rhMBL, MFE-CP1+ZD-2767-P, ABT-828, ErbB2-specific immunotoxin, SGN-35, MT-103, rinfabate, AS-1402, B43-genistein, L-19 based radioimmunotherapeutics, AC-9301, NY-ESO-1 vaccine, IMC-1C11, CT-322, rhCC10, r(m)CRP, MORAb-009, aviscumine, MDX-1307, Her-2 vaccine, APC-8024, NGR-hTNF, rhH1.3, IGN-311, Endostatin, volociximab, PRO-1762, lexatumumab, SGN-40, pertuzumab, EMD-273063, L19-IL-2 fusion protein, PRX-321, CNTO-328, MDX-214, tigapotide, CAT-3888, labetuzumab, alpha-particle-emitting radioisotope-linked lintuzumab, EM-1421, HyperAcute vaccine, tucotuzumab celmoleukin, galiximab, HPV-16-E7, Javelin-prostate cancer, Javelin-melanoma, NY-ESO-1 vaccine, EGF vaccine, CYT-004-MelQbG10, WT1 peptide, oregovomab, ofatumumab, zalutumumab, cintredekin besudotox, WX-G250, Albuferon, aflibercept, denosumab, vaccine, CTP-37, efungumab, or 131I-chTNT-1/B. Monoclonal antibodies useful as the protein therapeutic include, but are not limited to, muromonab-CD3, abciximab, edrecolomab, daclizumab, gentuzumab, alemtuzumab, ibritumomab, cetuximab, bevicizumab, efalizumab, adalimumab, omalizumab, muromomab-CD3, rituximab, daclizumab, trastuzumab, palivizumab, basiliximab, and infliximab.

Generally, the use of cytotoxic and/or cytostatic agents in combination with a compound or composition of the present invention will serve to:

(1) yield better efficacy in reducing the growth of a tumor or even eliminate the tumor as compared to administration of either agent alone, (2) provide for the administration of lesser amounts of the administered chemotherapeutic agents, (3) provide for a chemotherapeutic treatment that is well tolerated in the patient with fewer deleterious pharmacological complications than observed with single agent chemotherapies and certain other combined therapies, (4) provide for treating a broader spectrum of different cancer types in mammals, especially humans, (5) provide for a higher response rate among treated patients, (6) provide for a longer survival time among treated patients compared to standard chemotherapy treatments, (7) provide a longer time for tumor progression, and/or (8) yield efficacy and tolerability results at least as good as those of the agents used alone, compared to known instances where other cancer agent combinations produce antagonistic effects.

Methods of Sensitizing Cells to Radiation

In a distinct embodiment of the present invention, a compound of the present invention may be used to sensitize a cell to radiation. That is, treatment of a cell with a compound of the present invention prior to radiation treatment of the cell renders the cell more susceptible to DNA damage and cell death than the cell would be in the absence of any treatment with a compound of the invention. In one aspect, the cell is treated with at least one compound of the invention.

Thus, the present invention also provides a method of killing a cell, wherein a cell is administered one or more compounds of the invention in combination with conventional radiation therapy.

The present invention also provides a method of rendering a cell more susceptible to cell death, wherein the cell is treated one or more compounds of the invention prior to the treatment of the cell to cause or induce cell death. In one aspect, after the cell is treated with one or more compounds of the invention, the cell is treated with at least one compound, or at least one method, or a combination thereof, in order to cause DNA damage for the purpose of inhibiting the function of the normal cell or killing the cell.

In one embodiment, a cell is killed by treating the cell with at least one DNA damaging agent. That is, after treating a cell with one or more compounds of the invention to sensitize the cell to cell death, the cell is treated with at least one DNA damaging agent to kill the cell. DNA damaging agents useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, chemotherapeutic agents (e.g., cisplatinum), ionizing radiation (X-rays, ultraviolet radiation), carcinogenic agents, and mutagenic agents.

In another embodiment, a cell is killed by treating the cell with at least one method to cause or induce DNA damage. Such methods include, but are not limited to, activation of a cell signalling pathway that results in DNA damage when the pathway is activated, inhibiting of a cell signalling pathway that results in DNA damage when the pathway is inhibited, and inducing a biochemical change in a cell, wherein the change results in DNA damage. By way of a non-limiting example, a DNA repair pathway in a cell can be inhibited, thereby preventing the repair of DNA damage and resulting in an abnormal accumulation of DNA damage in a cell.

In one aspect of the invention, a compound of the invention is administered to a cell prior to the radiation or orther induction of DNA damage in the cell. In another aspect of the invention, a compound of the invention is administered to a cell concomitantly with the radiation or orther induction of DNA damage in the cell. In yet another aspect of the invention, a compound of the invention is administered to a cell immediately after radiation or orther induction of DNA damage in the cell has begun.

In another aspect, the cell is in vitro. In another embodiment, the cell is in vivo.

As mentioned supra, the compounds of the present invention have surprisingly been found to effectively inhibit allo-MEK and may therefore be used for the treatment or prophylaxis of diseases of uncontrolled cell growth, proliferation and/or survival, inappropriate cellular immune responses, or inappropriate cellular inflammatory responses, or diseases which are accompanied with uncontrolled cell growth, proliferation and/or survival, inappropriate cellular immune responses, or inappropriate cellular inflammatory responses, particularly in which the uncontrolled cell growth, proliferation and/or survival, inappropriate cellular immune responses, or inappropriate cellular inflammatory responses is mediated by allo-MEK, such as, for example, haematological tumours, solid tumours, and/or metastases thereof, e.g. leukaemias and myelodysplastic syndrome, malignant lymphomas, head and neck tumours including brain tumours and brain metastases, tumours of the thorax including non-small cell and small cell lung tumours, gastrointestinal tumours, endocrine tumours, mammary and other gynaecological tumours, urological tumours including renal, bladder and prostate tumours, skin tumours, and sarcomas, and/or metastases thereof.

In accordance with another aspect therefore, the present invention covers a compound of general formula (I), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, an N-oxide, a hydrate, a solvate, or a salt thereof, particularly a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a mixture of same, as described and defined herein, for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease, as mentioned supra.

Another particular aspect of the present invention is therefore the use of a compound of general formula (I) described supra for manufacturing a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease.

The diseases referred to in the two preceding paragraphs are diseases of uncontrolled cell growth, proliferation and/or survival, inappropriate cellular immune responses, or inappropriate cellular inflammatory responses, or diseases which are accompanied with uncontrolled cell growth, proliferation and/or survival, inappropriate cellular immune responses, or inappropriate cellular inflammatory responses, particularly in which the uncontrolled cell growth, proliferation and/or survival, inappropriate cellular immune responses, or inappropriate cellular inflammatory responses is mediated by Mps-1, such as, for example, haematological tumours, solid tumours, and/or metastases thereof, e.g. leukaemias and myelodysplastic syndrome, malignant lymphomas, head and neck tumours including brain tumours and brain metastases, tumours of the thorax including non-small cell and small cell lung tumours, gastrointestinal tumours, endocrine tumours, mammary and other gynaecological tumours, urological tumours including renal, bladder and prostate tumours, skin tumours, and sarcomas, and/or metastases thereof.

The term “inappropriate” within the context of the present invention, in particular in the context of “inappropriate cellular immune responses, or inappropriate cellular inflammatory responses”, as used herein, is to be understood as preferably meaning a response which is less than, or greater than normal, and which is associated with, responsible for, or results in, the pathology of said diseases.

Preferably, the use is in the treatment or prophylaxis of diseases, wherein the diseases are haemotological tumours, solid tumours and/or metastases thereof.

Method of Treating Hyper-Proliferative Disorders

The present invention relates to a method for using the compounds of the present invention and compositions thereof, to treat mammalian hyper-proliferative disorders. Compounds can be utilized to inhibit, block, reduce, decrease, etc., cell proliferation and/or cell division, and/or produce apoptosis. This method comprises administering to a mammal in need thereof, including a human, an amount of a compound of this invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, isomer, polymorph, metabolite, hydrate, solvate or ester thereof; etc. which is effective to treat the disorder. Hyper-proliferative disorders include but are not limited, e.g., psoriasis, keloids, and other hyperplasias affecting the skin, benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), solid tumors, such as cancers of the breast, respiratory tract, brain, reproductive organs, digestive tract, urinary tract, eye, liver, skin, head and neck, thyroid, parathyroid and their distant metastases. Those disorders also include lymphomas, sarcomas, and leukemias.

Examples of breast cancer include, but are not limited to invasive ductal carcinoma, invasive lobular carcinoma, ductal carcinoma in situ, and lobular carcinoma in situ.

Examples of cancers of the respiratory tract include, but are not limited to small-cell and non-small-cell lung carcinoma, as well as bronchial adenoma and pleuropulmonary blastoma.

Examples of brain cancers include, but are not limited to brain stem and hypophtalmic glioma, cerebellar and cerebral astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, ependymoma, as well as neuroectodermal and pineal tumor.

Tumors of the male reproductive organs include, but are not limited to prostate and testicular cancer. Tumors of the female reproductive organs include, but are not limited to endometrial, cervical, ovarian, vaginal, and vulvar cancer, as well as sarcoma of the uterus.

Tumors of the digestive tract include, but are not limited to anal, colon, colorectal, esophageal, gallbladder, gastric, pancreatic, rectal, small-intestine, and salivary gland cancers.

Tumors of the urinary tract include, but are not limited to bladder, penile, kidney, renal pelvis, ureter, urethral and human papillary renal cancers.

Eye cancers include, but are not limited to intraocular melanoma and retinoblastoma.

Examples of liver cancers include, but are not limited to hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cell carcinomas with or without fibrolamellar variant), cholangiocarcinoma (intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma), and mixed hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma.

Skin cancers include, but are not limited to squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, malignant melanoma, Merkel cell skin cancer, and non-melanoma skin cancer.

Head-and-neck cancers include, but are not limited to laryngeal, hypopharyngeal, nasopharyngeal, oropharyngeal cancer, lip and oral cavity cancer and squamous cell. Lymphomas include, but are not limited to AIDS-related lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and lymphoma of the central nervous system.

Sarcomas include, but are not limited to sarcoma of the soft tissue, osteosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, lymphosarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma.

Leukemias include, but are not limited to acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and hairy cell leukemia.

These disorders have been well characterized in humans, but also exist with a similar etiology in other mammals, and can be treated by administering pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention.

The term “treating” or “treatment” as stated throughout this document is used conventionally, e.g., the management or care of a subject for the purpose of combating, alleviating, reducing, relieving, improving the condition of, etc., of a disease or disorder, such as a carcinoma.

Methods of Treating Kinase Disorders

The present invention also provides methods for the treatment of disorders associated with aberrant mitogen extracellular kinase activity, including, but not limited to stroke, heart failure, hepatomegaly, cardiomegaly, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, cystic fibrosis, symptoms of xenograft rejections, septic shock or asthma.

Effective amounts of compounds of the present invention can be used to treat such disorders, including those diseases (e.g., cancer) mentioned in the Background section above. Nonetheless, such cancers and other diseases can be treated with compounds of the present invention, regardless of the mechanism of action and/or the relationship between the kinase and the disorder.

The phrase “aberrant kinase activity” or “aberrant tyrosine kinase activity,” includes any abnormal expression or activity of the gene encoding the kinase or of the polypeptide it encodes. Examples of such aberrant activity, include, but are not limited to, over-expression of the gene or polypeptide; gene amplification; mutations which produce constitutively-active or hyperactive kinase activity; gene mutations, deletions, substitutions, additions, etc.

The present invention also provides for methods of inhibiting a kinase activity, especially of mitogen extracellular kinase, comprising administering an effective amount of a compound of the present invention, including salts, polymorphs, metabolites, hydrates, solvates, prodrugs (e.g.: esters) thereof, and diastereoisomeric forms thereof. Kinase activity can be inhibited in cells (e.g., in vitro), or in the cells of a mammalian subject, especially a human patient in need of treatment.

Methods of Treating Angiogenic Disorders

The present invention also provides methods of treating disorders and diseases associated with excessive and/or abnormal angiogenesis.

Inappropriate and ectopic expression of angiogenesis can be deleterious to an organism. A number of pathological conditions are associated with the growth of extraneous blood vessels. These include, e.g., diabetic retinopathy, ischemic retinal-vein occlusion, and retinopathy of prematurity [Aiello et al. New Engl. J. Med. 1994, 331, 1480; Peer et al. Lab. Invest. 1995, 72, 638], age-related macular degeneration [AMD; see, Lopez et al. Invest. Opththalmol. Vis. Sci. 1996, 37, 855], neovascular glaucoma, psoriasis, retrolental fibroplasias, angiofibroma, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), restenosis, in-stent restenosis, vascular graft restenosis, etc. In addition, the increased blood supply associated with cancerous and neoplastic tissue, encourages growth, leading to rapid tumor enlargement and metastasis. Moreover, the growth of new blood and lymph vessels in a tumor provides an escape route for renegade cells, encouraging metastasis and the consequence spread of the cancer. Thus, compounds of the present invention can be utilized to treat and/or prevent any of the aforementioned angiogenesis disorders, e.g., by inhibiting and/or reducing blood vessel formation; by inhibiting, blocking, reducing, decreasing, etc. endothelial cell proliferation or other types involved in angiogenesis, as well as causing cell death or apoptosis of such cell types.

Dose and Administration

Based upon standard laboratory techniques known to evaluate compounds useful for the treatment of hyper-proliferative disorders and angiogenic disorders, by standard toxicity tests and by standard pharmacological assays for the determination of treatment of the conditions identified above in mammals, and by comparison of these results with the results of known medicaments that are used to treat these conditions, the effective dosage of the compounds of this invention can readily be determined for treatment of each desired indication. The amount of the active ingredient to be administered in the treatment of one of these conditions can vary widely according to such considerations as the particular compound and dosage unit employed, the mode of administration, the period of treatment, the age and sex of the patient treated, and the nature and extent of the condition treated.

The total amount of the active ingredient to be administered will generally range from about 0.001 mg/kg to about 200 mg/kg body weight per day, and preferably from about 0.01 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg body weight per day. Clinically useful dosing schedules will range from one to three times a day dosing to once every four weeks dosing. In addition, “drug holidays” in which a patient is not dosed with a drug for a certain period of time, may be beneficial to the overall balance between pharmacological effect and tolerability. A unit dosage may contain from about 0.5 mg to about 1500 mg of active ingredient, and can be administered one or more times per day or less than once a day. The average daily dosage for administration by injection, including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and parenteral injections, and use of infusion techniques will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/kg of total body weight. The average daily rectal dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/kg of total body weight. The average daily vaginal dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.01 to 200 mg/kg of total body weight. The average daily topical dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.1 to 200 mg administered between one to four times daily. The transdermal concentration will preferably be that required to maintain a daily dose of from 0.01 to 200 mg/kg. The average daily inhalation dosage regimen will preferably be from 0.01 to 100 mg/kg of total body weight.

Of course the specific initial and continuing dosage regimen for each patient will vary according to the nature and severity of the condition as determined by the attending diagnostician, the activity of the specific compound employed, the age and general condition of the patient, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion of the drug, drug combinations, and the like. The desired mode of treatment and number of doses of a compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester or composition thereof can be ascertained by those skilled in the art using conventional treatment tests.

Preferably, the diseases of said method are haematological tumours, solid tumour and/or metastases thereof.

The compounds of the present invention can be used in particular in therapy and prevention, i.e. prophylaxis, of tumour growth and metastases, especially in solid tumours of all indications and stages with or without pre-treatment of the tumour growth.

Methods of testing for a particular pharmacological or pharmaceutical property are well known to persons skilled in the art.

The example testing experiments described herein serve to illustrate the present invention and the invention is not limited to the examples given.

Biological Evaluation

The utility of the compounds of the present invention can be illustrated, for example, by their activity in vitro in the in vitro tumor cell proliferation assay described below. The link between activity in tumor cell proliferation assays in vitro and anti-tumor activity in the clinical setting has been very well established in the art. For example, the therapeutic utility of taxol (Silvestrini et al. Stem Cells 1993, 11(6), 528-35), taxotere (Bissery et al. Anti Cancer Drugs 1995, 6(3), 339), and topoisomerase inhibitors (Edelman et al. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 1996, 37(5), 385-93) were demonstrated with the use of in vitro tumor proliferation assays.

Demonstration of the activity of the compounds of the present invention may be accomplished through in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays that are well known in the art. For example, to demonstrate the activity of the compounds of the present invention, the following assays may be used.

Biological Assays In Vitro Tumor Cell Proliferation Assays: Cell Titer Glo Proliferation Assay

The adherent tumor cell proliferation assay used to test the compounds of the present invention involves a readout called Cell Titre-Glo developed by Promega (Cunningham, BA “A Growing Issue: Cell Proliferation Assays. Modern kits ease quantification of cell growth” The Scientist 2001, 15(13), 26, and Crouch, S P et al., “The use of ATP bioluminescence as a measure of cell proliferation and cytotoxicity” Journal of Immunological Methods 1993, 160, 8 1-88).

Assay 1: HCT116 Cell Titer Glo (CTG) Proliferation Assay:

HCT116 cells [human colorectal cell line, expressing mutant BRAF V600E] were plated at a density of 3000 cells/well in 96 well black-clear bottom tissue culture plates (Costar 3603 black/clear bottom) in 100 μl/well DMEM medium (DMEM/Ham's F12) with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and stable Glutamine incubated at 37° C. Sister wells were plated in separate plate for time zero determination. All plates were incubated overnight at 37° C. Take down time zero plate: 100 μl/well CTG solution (Promega Cell Titer Glo solution) were added to time zero wells in sister plate; the plates were mixed for 2 min on orbital shaker to ensure cell lysis, incubated for 10 minutes, luminescence was read on VICTOR 3 (Perkin Elmer). Twenty-four hours after cell seeding, test compounds were diluted in 50 μl medium and were added at a final concentration range from as high 10 μM to as low 300 pM depending on the activities of the tested compounds in serial dilutions at a final DMSO concentration of 0.4%. Cells were incubated for 72 hours at 37° C. after addition of the test compound. Then, using a Promega Cell Titer Glo Luminescent® assay kit, 100 μl microliter lysis buffer containing of the enzyme luciferase and its substrate, luciferin mixture, were added to each well and incubated for 10 min at room temperature in the dark to stabilize luminescence signal. The samples were read on VICTOR 3 (Perkin Elmer) using Luminescence protocol. The percentage change in cell growth was calculated by normalizing the measurements to the extinctions of the zero point plate (=0%) and the extinction of the untreated (0 μM) cells (=100%). The IC50 values were determined by means of a 4-parameter fit using the company's own software.

Assay 2: A549 Cell Titer Glo (CTG) Proliferation Assay:

A549 cells [human non small cell lung cancer cell line, expressing mutant K-Ras G12S] were seeded at a density of 2000 cells/well in 96 well black-clear bottom tissue culture plates (Costar 3603 black/clear bottom) in 100 μl/well DMEM medium (DMEM/Ham's F12) with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and stable Glutamine incubated at 37° C. Cell Titer Glo proliferation assays for A549 cells were performed with the same protocol as described afore for HCT116 cells.

Assay 3: Colo205 Cell Titer Glo (CTG) Proliferation Assay:

Colo205 cells were plated in RPMI 1640 growth medium supplemented with 10% FBS at 3,000 cells per well in 96-well tissue culture plates. Cells were incubated overnight in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO₂ at 37° C. The following day, test compounds were added to wells, serially diluted in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FBS and 0.03% DMSO and the plates were incubated for 72 h at 37° C. Evaluation of cell density was made at different time points (0 and 72 h post-dosing) by adding to each well 150 μl of Cell Titer Glo reagent (cat #G7572, Promega, Madison Wis.) followed by incubation of the plates on a rotator for 10 min at room temperature and then reading of the luminescence on a Victor3 instrument. Data analysis was performed using Analyzes software for IC₅₀ analysis.

Assay 4: A375 Cell Titer Glo (CTG) Proliferation Assay:

A375 cells [human malignant melanoma cells, ATCC #CRL-1619, expressing mutant BRAF V600E] were plated at a density of 3000 cells/well in 96 well black-clear bottom tissue culture plates (Costar 3603 black/clear bottom) in 100 μL/well DMEM medium (Biochrom; FG0435; +3.7 g/L odium bicarbonate; +4.5 g/L D-Glucose) with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and stable Glutaminincubated at 37° C. Plate sister wells in separate plate for time zero determination. Incubate all plates overnight 37° C. Take down time zero plate: add 67 μL/well CTG solution (Promega Cell Titer Glo solution) to time zero wells in sister plate; the plates were mixed for 2 min on orbital shaker to ensure cell lysis, incubate 10 minutes, read luminescence on VICTOR 3 (Perkin Elmer). Twenty-four hours after cell seeding, test compounds diluted in 50 μL medium are added at a final concentration range from as high 10 μM to as low 300 μM depending on the activities of the tested compounds in serial dilutions at a final DMSO concentration of 0.4%. Cells were incubated for 72 hours at 37° C. after addition of the test compound. Then, using a Promega Cell Titer Glo Luminescent® assay kit, 100 microliters lysis buffer containing of the enzyme luciferase and its substrate, luciferin mixture, were added to each well and incubated for 10 min at room temperature in the dark to stabilize luminescence signal. The samples were read on VICTOR 3 (Perkin Elmer) using Luminescence protocol. The percentage change in cell growth was calculated by normalizing the measurements to the extinctions of the zero point plate (=0%) and the extinction of the untreated (0 μM) cells (=100%). The IC50 values were determined by means of a 4-parameter fit using the company's own software.

Alternatively, the cell proliferation was measured by crystal violet (CV) staining:

Assay 5: A375 Crystal Violet (CV) Proliferation Assay:

Cell proliferation for A375 cells [human melanoma cell line, expressing mutant BRAF V600E] was measured by crystal violet (CV) staining: Cultivated human A375 cells were plated out in a density of 1500 cells/measurement point in 200 μl of growth medium (DMEM/HAMS F12 with 10% FBS and 2 mM Glutamine) in a 96-well multititer plate. After 24 hours, the cells from a plate (zero plate) were stained with crystal violet (see below), while the medium in the other plates was replaced by fresh culture medium (200 μl) to which the test substances had been added in various concentrations (0 μM, and in the range 0.3 nM-30 μM; the final concentration of the solvent dimethyl sulphoxide was 0.5%). The cells were incubated in the presence of the test substances for 4 days. The cell proliferation was determined by staining the cells with crystal violet: the cells were fixed by adding 20 μl/measurement point of an 11% glutaraldehyde solution at room temperature for 15 min. After the fixed cells had been washed three times with water, the plates were dried at room temperature. The cells were stained by adding 100 μl/measurement point of a 0.1% crystal violet solution (pH adjusted to pH 3 by adding acetic acid). After the stained cells had been washed three times with water, the plates were dried at room temperature. The dye was dissolved by adding 100 μl/measurement point of a 10% acetic acid solution, and the extinction was determined by photometry at a wavelength of 595 nm. The percentage change in cell growth was calculated by normalizing the measurements to the extinctions of the zero point plate (=0%) and the extinction of the untreated (0 μM) cells (=100%). The IC50 values were determined by means of a 4-parameter fit using the company's own software.

Alternatively, crystal violet (CV) staining assay may be carried out as follows:

Assay 6: Alternative Conditions for A375 Crystal Violet (CV) Proliferation Assay:

Cultivated human A375 cells were plated out in a density of 1500 cells/measurement point in 200 μl of growth medium (DMEM/HAMS F12 (Biochrom; FG4815) with 10% FBS and 2 mM Glutamine) in a 96-well multititer plate. After 24 hours, the cells from a plate (zero plate) were stained with crystal violet (see below), while the medium in the other plates was replaced by fresh culture medium (200 μl) to which the test substances had been added in various concentrations (0 μM, and in the range 0.3 nM-30 μM; the final concentration of the solvent dimethyl sulphoxide was 0.5%). The cells were incubated in the presence of the test substances for 4 days. The cell proliferation was determined by staining the cells with crystal violet: the cells were fixed by adding 20 μl/measurement point of an 11% glutaraldehyde solution at room temperature for 15 min. After the fixed cells had been washed three times with water, the plates were dried at room temperature. The cells were stained by adding 100 μl/measurement point of a 0.1% crystal violet solution (pH adjusted to pH 3 by adding acetic acid). After the stained cells had been washed three times with water, the plates were dried at room temperature. The dye was dissolved by adding 100 μl/measurement point of a 10% acetic acid solution, and the extinction was determined by photometry at a wavelength of 595 nm. The percentage change in cell growth was calculated by normalizing the measurements to the extinctions of the zero point plate (=0%) and the extinction of the untreated (0 μM) cells (=100%). The IC50 values were determined by means of a 4-parameter fit using the company's own software.

In vitro inhibition of proliferation of further cancer cell lines can be measured in analogy to the afore-described procedures. Details for exemplary further tumor cells lines are given below:

Indication Ras or Raf cell number Cells (all human) Mutation Method per well Medium A-431 epidermoid wildtype CTG 3000 DMEM/HAMS F12 cancer (Biochrom; FG4815) + 10% FBS and stable Glutamin A-431 epidermoid wildtype CTG 3000 DMEM/HAMS F12 non- cancer (Biochrom; FG4815) + 10% adherent FBS and stable Glutamin (Plates were coated with poly-2-hydroxy- ethylmethacrylate before cell seeding) Colo-205 colon BRAF CTG 3000 RPMI1640 (Biochrom; carcinoma V600E FG1215) + 10% heat inactivated FBS and stable glutamin + 1x non- essentiell amino acid + 1 mM Sodiumpyruvat + 10 mM Hepes HT-29 colon BRAF CTG 2000 DMEM/HAMS F12 cancer V600E (Biochrom; FG4815) + 10% FBS and stable Glutamin Lox melanoma BRAF CTG 2000 RPMI1640 (Biochrom; V600E FG1215) + 10% heat inactivated FBS and stable glutamin + 1x non- essentiell amino acid + 1 mM Sodiumpyruvat MCF-7 breast wildtype CTG 5000 RPMI1640 (F1275; w/o cancer phenol red) + 10% FBS + 2 mM Glutamin + 2 mU/mL Insulin + 1E−10M estradiol

Further, the following assays may be used to assess the biological importance of the compounds of the present invention:

Assay 7: Inhibition of Human Carbonic Anhydrase 1 and 2

The principle of the assay is based on the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl acetate by carboanhydrases with subsequent photometric determination of the dye 4-nitrophenolate (Pocker & Stone, Biochemistry, 1967, 6, 668).

2 μl of the test compounds, dissolved in DMSO (100× the final concentration), in a concentration range of 0.03-10 μM (final), was pipetted as 4× determinations into the wells of a 96-well microtiter plate. Wells that contained the solvent without test compounds were used as reference values (1. Wells without carboanhydrase for correction of the non-enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate, and 2. wells with carboanhydrase for determining the activity of the non-inhibited enzyme).

188 μl of assay buffer (10 mM of Tris/HCl, pH 7.4, 80 mM of NaCl), with or without 3 units/well of carboanhydrase I or II (Sigma-Aldrich #C4396, resp. Sigma-Adrich #C6165), was pipetted into the wells of the microtiter plate. The enzymatic reaction was started by the addition of 10 μl of the substrate solution (1 mM of 4-nitrophenyl acetate (Fluka #4602), dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile (final substrate concentration: 50 μM). The plate was incubated at room temperature for 60 minutes. The extinctions were measured by photometry at a wavelength of 400 nm. The enzyme inhibition was calculated after the measured values were normalized to the extinction of the reactions in the wells without enzyme (=100% inhibition) and to the extinction of reactions in the wells with non-inhibited enzyme (=0% inhibition). IC50 values were determined by means of 4 parameter fit using a company-own software.

Assay 8: Determination of Cmpd Distribution Between Blood and Plasma (Blood/Plasma Ratio)

The concentration of test compounds in the (human) blood (Cbl) relative to its plasma concentration (Cpl), the blood/plasma ratio, was assessed using 0.5 ml fresh heparinized (human) blood which was spiked with a distinct concentration of drug (max. solvent concentration in blood is 0.5%) and mixed well. After 15 min incubation at 37° C. in an overhead shaker, plasma was prepared by centrifugation at 1000×g. A calibration curve consisting of at least 5 concentration points was prepared by spiking plasma with a distinct amount of drug and serial dilution. Calibration samples and triplicate plasma samples were precipitated with a 4 fold volume of methanol containing an appropriate amount of internal standard, incubated at −20° C. over night and centrifuged for 20 min at 2000×g. The supernatant was analyzed via LC-MS and the drug concentration in plasma was estimated from the calibration curve.

The (human) blood/plasma ratio was calculated as Cbl/Cpl=spiked drug concentration in blood (nominal value)/plasma concentration (measured value).

Assay 9 MEK Biochemical Assay: DELFIA

The DELFIA MEK kinase assay was used to monitor the activity of MEK inhibitors. The kinase reaction was carried out in a 96-well microtitration plate by firstly mixing 70 μL of kinase reaction buffer (50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 5 mM NaF, 5 mM glycerophosphate, 1 mM sodium vanadate, 10 mM MgCl₂, 1 mM DTT and 1% (v/v) DMSO) with 20 nM GST-MEK, 20 nM His-Raf and 100 nM biotinylated ERK1 (final concentration). Then compounds with final concentrations of 1 μM, 0.3 μM, 0.1 μM, 0.03 μM, 0.01 μM, 0.003 μM, 0.001 μM, 0.0003 μM and 0 μM were added to generate the dose response inhibition curve. The kinase reaction was started by adding 20 μL of ATP (final concentration 100 μM). After 2 h incubation, the reaction was terminated by adding 20 μl of 0.5 M EDTA. Then 100 μL of the reaction mixture was transferred to a 96 well Streptavidin plate (cat #15120, Pierce Inc. Rockford, Ill.) and subsequently incubated for 2 h. After collecting the biotinylated substrate ERK1, the plate was washed with TBST. An antibody against phospho-p44/42 MAPK (cat #91065, Cell Signaling Technologies, Danvers, Mass.) was added and bond to the phosphorylated substrate. Thereafter, incubation with an Europium-labeled anti-mouse antibody (cat #AD0124, Wallac Inc, Turku, Finland) followed by a washing step was carried out. The Enhancement Solution was added to dissociate europium ions into solution, where they formed highly fluorescent chelates with the components of the enhancement solution. The fluorescence of each sample was proportional to kinase activity and counted on a VICTOR5 instrument (Wallac Inc.). Data analysis was performed using Analyze5 software for IC₅₀ analysis.

Assay 10 MEK1 Activation Kinase Assay

The kinase Cot1 activates MEK1 by phosphorylating its activation loop. The inhibitory activity of compounds of the present invention on this activation of MEK1 was quantified employing the HTRF assay described in the following paragraphs.

N-terminally His6-tagged recombinant kinase domain of the human Cot1 (amino acids 30-397, purchased from Millipore, cat. no 14-703) expressed in insect cells (SF21) and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography was used as kinase. As substrate for the kinase reaction the unactive C-terminally His6-tagged GST-MEK1 fusion protein (Millipore cat. no 14-420) was used.

For the assay 50 nl of a 100 fold concentrated solution of the test compound in DMSO was pipetted into a black low volume 384 well microtiter plate (Greiner Bio-One, Frickenhausen, Germany), 3 μl of a solution of 24 nM GST-MEK1 and 166.7 μM adenosine-tri-phosphate (ATP) in assay buffer [50 mM Tris/HCl pH 7.5, 10 mM MgCl₂, 2 mM dithiothreitol, 0.01% (v/v) Igepal CA 630 (Sigma), 5 mM β-phospho-glycerol] were added and the mixture was incubated for 10 min at 22° C. to allow pre-binding of the test compounds to the GST-MEK1 before the start of the kinase reaction. Then the kinase reaction was started by the addition of 2 μl of a solution of Cot1 in assay buffer and the resulting mixture was incubated for a reaction time of 20 min at 22° C. The concentration of Cot1 in the assay was adjusted depending of the activity of the enzyme lot and was chosen appropriate to have the assay in the linear range, typical enzyme concentrations were in the range of about 2 ng/μl (final conc. in the 5 μl assay volume). The reaction was stopped by the addition of 5 μl of a solution of HTRF detection reagents (13 nM anti GST-XL665 [#61GSTXLB, Fa. Cis Biointernational, Marcoule, France], 1 nM Eu-cryptate labelled anti-phospho-MEK 1/2 (Ser217/221) [#61P17KAZ, Fa. Cis Biointernational],) in an aqueous EDTA-solution (100 mM EDTA, 500 mM KF, 0.2% (w/v) bovine serum albumin in 100 mM HEPES/NaOH pH 7.5).

The resulting mixture was incubated 2 h at 22° C. to allow the binding of the phosphorylated GST-MEK1 to the anti-GST-XL665 and the Eu-cryptate labelled anti-phospho-MEK 1/2 antibody. Subsequently the amount of Ser217/Ser221-phosphorylated substrate was evaluated by measurement of the resonance energy transfer from the Eu-Cryptate-labelled anti-phospho-MEK antibody to the anti-GST-XL665. Therefore, the fluorescence emissions at 620 nm and 665 nm after excitation at 350 nm was measured in a HTRF reader, e.g. a Rubystar (BMG Labtechnologies, Offenburg, Germany) or a Viewlux (Perkin-Elmer). The ratio of the emissions at 665 nm and at 622 nm was taken as the measure for the amount of phosphorylated substrate. The data were normalised (enzyme reaction without inhibitor=0% inhibition, all other assay components but no enzyme=100% inhibition). Normally test compound were tested on the same microtiter plate at 10 different concentrations in the range of 20 μM to 1 nM (20 μM, 6.7 μM, 2.2 μM, 0.74 μM, 0.25 μM, 82 nM, 27 nM, 9.2 nM, 3.1 nM and 1 nM, dilution series prepared before the assay at the level of the 100 fold conc. stock solutions by serial 1:3 dilutions) in duplicate values for each concentration and IC₅₀ values were calculated by a 4 parameter fit using an inhouse software.

Assay 11 Phospho-ERK Mechanistic Assay

A375 and Colo205 cells were plated in RPMI 1640 growth medium supplemented with 10% FBS at 25,000 cells per well in 96-well tissue culture plates. Cells were incubated overnight in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO₂ at 37° C. The following day, to prepare the assay plates, anti-rabbit Meso-Scale Discovery (MSD) plates (cat #L41RA-1, Meso-Scale Discovery, Gaithersburg, Md.) were blocked with 100 μl of 5% MSD blocking buffer for 1 h at room temperature, after which they were washed three times with 200 μl of TBST buffer. The phospho-ERK rabbit polyclonal antibody (cat #9101, Cell Signaling Technologies, Danvers, Mass.) diluted at 1:200 into 2.5% of MSD Blocker A-TBST was added (25 μl) to each well and the plate was then incubated 1 h at room temperature with shaking. The plates were then washed once with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and ready to receive the cell lysates. While the preparation of the assay plates was ongoing, test compounds were added to the wells of cell-containing plates from the previous day, serially diluted in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% FBS, 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 0.03% DMSO and the plates were incubated for 1.5 h at 37° C. After this incubation, the compound-treated plates were washed three times with PBS, lysed in 30 μl of Bio-Rad lysis buffer (cat #98601, Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, Calif.) and then left shaking on ice for 30 min. The lysates were then loaded on the phospho-ERK coated MSD plates and the plates Incubated overnight at 4° C. The following day, the plates were washed three times with TBST and 25 μl of 1:3000 diluted total ERK monoclonal antibody (Cat #610123, BD Biosciences, San Diego, Calif.) was added to the plates that were then incubated 1 h at room temperature with shaking. After the incubation the plates were washed three times with TBST as described earlier and 25 μl of MSD sulfo-tag anti-mouse antibody (cat #R32AC-5) diluted 1:1000 were added into each well. The plates were Incubated 1 h at room temperature with shaking, then washed four times with TBST. Just prior to reading the plates, 150 μl of MSD Read buffer T was added and the plates were read immediately on the MSD instrument. Data analysis was performed using Analyzes software for IC₅₀ analysis.

Assay 12

Alternative Conditions for Mechanistic pERK Assay

For the measurement of ERK1/2 phosphorylation in tumor cell lines a singleplex Mesoscale Discovery (MSD) assay is used. This assay is built up like a sandwich immunoassay. Cell lysates generated from different tumor cell lines treated with serially diluted MEK inhibitor compounds were loaded on the MSD plates. Phosphorylated ERK1/2 present in the samples binds to the capture antibody immobilized on the working electrode surface. The sandwich is completed by binding of a detection antibody to the immobilized phospho-ERK1/2. This detection antibody is labeled with an electro-chemiluminescent compound. Applying voltage to the plate electrodes causes the labels, bound to the electrode surface via the antibody-phospho ERK1/2 sandwich complex, to emit light. The measurement of the emitted light allows a quantitative determination of the amount of phosphorylated ERK1/2 present in the sample. In detail, a linear range for the measurement of phosphoERK signals must be determined for every cell line used in the assay by titrating different cell numbers. For the final assay, the previously determined cell number is seeded in 96 well plates. 24 h after seeding, cells were treated for 1.5 h with serially diluted allosteric MEK inhibitor compounds before the cells were lysed and lysates were transferred in the MSD assay plate. The manufacturer's protocol was changed in that the binding step of the phosphorylated ERK to the capture antibody was performed over night at 4° C. instead of 3 h at room temperature, leading to a better signal strength.

A375 or Colo205 cells were plated in 50 μL DMEM growth medium (Biochrom FG 0435) supplemented with 10% FBS (Biochrom #50410) (A375), respectively in RPMI growth medium (Biochrom FG1215) supplemented with 10% FBS (Biochrom #50410), 10 mM HEPES (Biochrom L1613), 4.5 g/L Glucose and 1 mM sodiumpyruvat (Biochrom L0473) (Colo-205) at 45000 cells per well in 96-well tissue culture plates. Cells were incubated overnight in a humidified incubator containing 5% CO₂ at 37° C.

The Phospho-ERK by Mesoscale Discovery (MSD) (#K111 DWD) assay was performed according to the manufacturer's recommendations. In brief the protocol was:

The day after cell seeding, to prepare the assay plates, MSD were blocked with 150 μl of MSD blocking buffer for 1 h at room temperature, after which they were washed four times with 150 μl of Tris Wash buffer. While the preparation of the assay plates was ongoing, test compounds were added to the wells of cell-containing plates from the previous day, serially diluted in respective growth medium containing 10% FBS and 0.1% DMSO and the plates were incubated for 1.5-2 h at 37° C. After this incubation the medium was aspirated, cells were lysed in 50 μl lysis buffer and then left shaking for 30 min at 4° C. 25 μL of the lysates were then loaded on the blocked MSD plates and the plates Incubated overnight at 4° C. The following day, the plates were washed four times with Tris wash buffer and 25 μl detection antibody solution was added to the plates that were then incubated 1 h at room temperature with shaking. After the incubation the plates were washed four times with Tris wash buffer 150 μl of MSD Read buffer T was added and the plates were read immediately on the MSD instrument. Data analysis was performed using an in-house software for IC50 analysis.

Assay 13 In Vivo Efficacy Studies: Staged Human Xenograft Models

The in vivo anti-tumor activity of lead compounds was assessed in mice using xenograft models of human BRAF mutant melanoma and colon carcinomas. The Female athymic NCR nude mice were implanted subcutaneously with either a human melanoma (LOX), or a human colon (Colo205) carcinoma lines acquired from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Maryland). Treatment was initiated when tumors reached approximately 100 mg in size. Compounds were administered orally and freshly prepared in PEG/water (80%/20% respectively). The general health of mice was monitored and mortality was recorded daily. Tumor dimensions and body weights were recorded twice a week starting with the first day of treatment. Animals were euthanized according to Bayer IACUC guidelines. Treatments producing greater than 20% lethality and/or 20% net body weight loss were considered ‘toxic’.

Tumor growth was measured with electronic calipers three times a week and tumor weight (mg) calculated according to the following formula: [length (mm)×width (mm)²]/2. Anti-tumor efficacy was determined as a function of tumor growth inhibition (% TGI). TGI is calculated on days of measurement using the following formula: (100−mean tumor value of treated (T)/mean tumor of control value (C)×100)=% T/C. The control used in the calculations is either the “untreated control” or “vehicle”, whichever provides the most conservative representation of the data. A compound demonstrating a TGI of greater than or equal to 50% is considered active. Statistical significance is determined using either a one-tailed or two-tailed Student's T-Test. The compounds that were tested showed significant dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition in both LOX and Colo205 models.

Assay 14 Brain Penetration

Penetration of test compounds into the brain was assessed in female NMRI mice after intravenous administration. Test compounds were administered at a standard dose of 5 mg/kg as solution using solubilizers such as PEG400 or ethanol in well-tolerated amounts. Separate groups of animals (3 animals per group) were sacrificed at 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 h and 3 h after dosing and blood and brain were sampled. Blood was collected into Lithium-Heparintubes (Monovetten®, Sarstedt) and centrifuged for 15 min at 3000 rpm. An aliquot of 100 μL from the supernatant (Plasma) was taken and precipitated by addition of 400 μL cold acetonitril and frozen at −20° C. over night. Brain samples were homogenized with 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH7.5 (1:5 w/v), precipitated with acetonitril (1:5, v/v) and frozen at −20° C. over night. Plasma and brain samples were subsequently thawed and centrifuged at 3000 rpm, 4° C. for 20 minutes. Aliquots of the supernatants were taken for analytical testing using an Agilent 1200 HPLC-system with LCMS/MS detection.

From the concentration-time profiles the AUC (area under the concentration-time curve) in plasma and brain were calculated and the ratio AUCbrain/AUCplasma was reported as the brain-plasma ratio. Due to residual blood in the non-perfused brain tissue the lower limit for the brain-plasma ratio by this method approximates 1-2%.

Assay 15 In Vivo Pharmacokinetics in Rats

For in vivo pharmacokinetic experiments test compounds were administered to male Wistar rats intravenously at doses of 0.5 to 1 mg/kg and intragastral at doses of 1 to 10 mg/kg formulated as solutions using solubilizers such as PEG400 in well-tolerated amounts.

For pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration test compounds were given as i.v. bolus and blood samples were taken at 2 min, 8 min, 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h and 24 h after dosing. Depending on the expected half-life additional samples were taken at later time points (e.g. 48 h, 72 h). For pharmacokinetics after intragastral administration test compounds were given intragastral to fasted rats and blood samples were taken at 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h and 24 h after dosing. Depending on the expected half-life additional samples were taken at later time points (e.g. 48 h, 72 h). Blood was collected into Lithium-Heparintubes (Monovetten®, Sarstedt) and centrifuged for 15 min at 3000 rpm. An aliquot of 100 μL from the supernatant (plasma) was taken and precipitated by addition of 400 μL cold acetonitril and frozen at −20° C. over night. Samples were subsequently thawed and centrifuged at 3000 rpm, 4° C. for 20 minutes. Aliquots of the supernatants were taken for analytical testing using an Agilent 1200 HPLC-system with LCMS/MS detection. PK parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis using a PK calculation software.

PK parameters derived from concentration-time profiles after i.v.: CLplasma: Total plasma clearance of test compound (in L/kg/h); CLblood: Total blood clearance of test compound: CLplasma*Cp/Cb (in L/kg/h) with Cp/Cb being the ratio of concentrations in plasma and blood. PK parameters calculated from concentration time profiles after i.g.: Cmax: Maximal plasma concentration (in mg/L); Cmaxnorm: Cmax divided by the administered dose (in kg/L); Tmax: Time point at which Cmax was observed (in h). Parameters calculated from both, i.v. and i.g. concentration-time profiles: AUCnorm: Area under the concentration-time curve from t=0 h to infinity (extrapolated) divided by the administered dose (in kg*h/L); AUC(0-tlast) norm: Area under the concentration-time curve from t=Oh to the last time point for which plasma concentrations could be measured divided by the administered dose (in kg*h/L); t1/2: terminal half-life (in h); F: oral bioavailability: AUCnorm after intra-gastral administration divided by AUCnorm after intravenous administration (in %).

Assay 16 Measurement of Thermodynamic (Equilibrium) Solubility—Shake-Flask Method 1. Introduction

The solubility of new chemical entities (NCEs) is an important physicochemical characteristic that affects compound performance in many discovery assays.

Thermodynamic (or equilibrium) solubility investigates the solubility of a compound as a saturated solution in equilibrium.

2. Principle of the Method

Thermodynamic solubility of a compound is determined by a modified flask method. Quantification is performed by HPLC with UV detection.

Starting material is solid compound. The assay requires about 2-3 mg of dry compound for sample preparation and calibration.

Depending on the problem aqueous buffer of any pH can be used as solvent.

A saturated solution of the drug is prepared and this solution is mixed for 24 h to ensure that equilibrium is reached. The solution is then centrifuged or filtered to remove the insoluble fraction and the concentration of the compound in solution is determined using a standard calibration curve.

Measured solubility assay range is about 0.1 and ca. 2000 mg/l, approximately.

3. Material and Instrumentation

-   Sample work up -   4 ml screw cap glass vials -   Screw caps -   1.1 ml HPLC glass vials -   Eppendorf vials -   Syringe filter -   1 ml Syringe -   Weighing boat

Chemicals and Solvents

-   Water (Millipore) -   Acetonitrile -   NH4OH -   Trifluoroacetic acid -   Na₂HPO₄×2H₂O -   KH₂PO₄ -   Phosphate buffer pH 6.5 -   Riedel buffers, various pH -   Instruments -   Stirrer -   Centrifuge -   HPLC -   UV detector

Chromatographic Conditions:

-   HPLC column: Xterra MS C18 2.5 μm 4.6×30 mm -   Injection volume: Sample: 3×5 μl and 3×50 μl     -   Standard: 5 μl, 10 μl, 20 μl -   Flow: 1.5 ml/min -   Mobile phase: Two gradients depending on the nature of test     compounds     -   Gradient 1 (acidic):     -   A: Water/0.01% TFA     -   B: Acetonitrile/0.01% TFA     -   0 min→95% A 5% B     -   0-3 min→35% A 65% B, linear gradient     -   3-5 min→35% A 65% B, isocratic     -   5-6 min→95% A 5% B, isocratic     -   Gradient 2 (basic):     -   A: Water/0.025% NH4OH     -   B: Acetonitrile/0.025% NH4OH     -   0 min→95% A 5% B     -   0-3 min→35% A 65% B, linear gradient     -   3-5 min→35% A 65% B, isocratic     -   5-6 min→95% A 5% B, isocratic -   UV detector: wavelength near the absorption maximum (between 200 and     400 nm)

4. Method Sample and Standard Preparation Sample Preparation:

-   -   Weigh in compound (1-2 mg approximately, accurate weight) in a 4         ml glass vial     -   Add 1.0 ml buffer     -   Place the suspension on a stirrer and stir 24 h (±2 h) at room         temperature     -   Filter the sample solution through a syringe filter into a HPLC         vial or centrifuge the sample

Standard Preparation:

-   -   Weigh in compound (1-2 mg approximately, accurate weight) in a         weighing boat     -   Dissolve the compound in Acetonitrile/Water 60:40 and dilute to         50 m1

5. Analysis

Sample and standards are analysed by HPLC with UV-detection.

For each sample two injection volumes (5 and 50 μl) in triplicates are made. Three injection volumes are made for the standard.

6. Interpretation and Documentation

The areas of sample- and standard injections are determined by an appropriate HPLC software. The calculated solubility value (unit mg/l) is automatically evaluated using Excel and processed by a LIM-System. Results are reported in Pix

Assay 17 CYP Inhibition Assay

Use of in vitro assays to evaluate the inhibition potential of new drug candidates towards CYP-mediated metabolism has been shown to be effective as part of a strategy to minimize the chances of drug interactions with co-administered drugs. The inhibitory potency of the test compound towards 5 human cytochrome P450 isoforms (CYP1A2, 2C8, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4) was determined. In case of CYP3A4 also time dependent inhibitory potential was tested by applying a 30 min preincubation time of the test compound in metabolically active incubation system.

Human liver microsomes (pooled, >30 male and female donors) were incubated with individual CYP isoform-selective standard probes (phenacetin, amodiquine, diclofenac, dextromethorphan and midazolam) in the absence and presence of increasing concentrations of the test compound in order to compare the extent of formation of the respective metabolite. In addition, a set of incubation in the absence of test compound was used as a negative control. Furthermore, the inhibitory potency of standard inhibitors was included as positive controls (fluvoxamine for CYP1A2, montelukast for CYP2C8, sulfaphenazole for CYP2C9, fluoxetine for CYP2D6, ketoconazole for CYP3A4 and mibefradil for CYP3A4-preincubation). Incubation conditions (protein and substrate concentration, incubation time) were optimized with regard to linearity and metabolite turnover. Incubation medium consists of 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 1 mM EDTA, NADPH regenerating system (1 mM NADP, 5 mM glucose 6-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (1.5 U/mL). Sequential dilutions and incubations were performed on a Genesis Workstation (Tecan, Crailsheim, FRG) in 96-well plates at 37° C. A final incubation volume of 200 μL was used. Reactions were stopped by addition of 100 μL acetonitrile containing the respective internal standard. Precipitated proteins were removed by centrifugation of the well plate, supernatants were combined and analyses were performed by LC-MS/MS. The LC-MS/MS quantification of the metabolites paracetamol (CYP1A2), desethylamodiaquine (CYP2C8), 4-hydroxydiclofenac (CYP2C9), dextrorphan (CYP2D6), and 1-hydroxymidazolam (CYP3A4) was performed with a PE SCIEX API 3000 LC/MS/MS system (Applied Biosystems, MDS Sciex, Concord, Ontario, Canada).

Data analysis: The CYP-mediated activities in the presence of inhibitors were expressed as percentages of the corresponding control values. A sigmoid-shaped curve was fitted to the data, and the enzyme inhibition parameter IC50 was calculated using a nonlinear least-squares regression analysis of the plot of percent control activity versus concentration of the test inhibitor.

Compounds of the invention were tested for activity using one or more of the assay procedures presented above. The results are given in the Table infra:

TABLE A375 HCT116 A549 Proliferation Proliferation Proliferation Assay (CV) Assay (CTG) Assay (CTG) [Assay 5] [Assay 1] [Assay 2] Example No IC₅₀ [M] IC₅₀ [M] IC₅₀ [M] Reference 4.53E−9 2.08E−7 3.19E−7 example cmpd 6.7 from WO 2008138639 1 2.31E−9  4.5E−8  5.9E−8 3  6.76E−10 2.14E−7 3.77E−7 4  4.11E−10 1.11E−8 1.43E−8 5  7.75E−10 1.88E−8 2.27E−8 6 1.53E−8  1.1E−8 1.48E−8 7 1.52E−8 9.71E−9  1.7E−8 8 4.92E−9 1.95E−7 3.35E−7 9  8.8E−9  4.4E−7 8.82E−7 10 2.15E−8 1.12E−6 1.67E−6 12 3.33E−8 NT NT 14 1.25E−9 3.36E−8 4.98E−8 15 1.18E−7 NT NT In the Table supra, “NT” indicates “not tested”.

It is believed that one skilled in the art, using the preceding information and information available in the art, can utilize the present invention to its fullest extent. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention may be practiced with variations on the disclosed structures, materials, compositions and methods without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as it is set forth herein and such variations are regarded as within the ambit of the invention. The compounds described in the examples are intended to be representative of the invention, and it will be understood that the scope of the invention is not limited by the scope of the examples. The topic headings set forth above are meant as guidance where certain information can be found in the application, but are not intended to be the only source in the application where information on such topics can be found. All publications and patents cited above are incorporated herein by reference.

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1. A compound of general formula (I):

in which: R1 is an aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group, said group being substituted with one or more substituents selected from: a halogen atom, or a CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl-, halo-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, H₂N—C₁-C₆-alkyl-, R(R′)N—C₁-C₆-alkyl-, HO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with two OH groups, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, halo-C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, aryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, heteroaryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, —C(═O)R, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)R, —C(═O)N(R)R′, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OR, —NH₂, —N(H)R, —N(R)R′, —N(H)C(═O)H, —N(H)C(═O)R, —N(R)C(═O)R′, —N(H)C(═O)NH₂, —N(H)C(═O)N(H)R, —N(H)C(═O)N(R)R′, —N(R)C(═O)NH₂, —N(R)C(═O)N(H)R′, —N(R)C(═O)N(R′)R″, —N(H)C(═O)OR, —N(R)C(═O)OR, —NO₂, —N(H)S(═O)R, —N(R)S(═O)R′, —N(H)S(═O)NH₂, —N(H)S(═O)N(H)R, —N(H)S(═O)N(R)R′, —N(R)S(═O)NH₂, —N(R)S(═O)N(H)R′, —N(R)S(═O)N(R′)R″, —N(H)S(═O)₂R, —N(H)S(═O)₂C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, —N(R)S(═O)₂R′, —N(H)S(═O)₂NH₂, —N(H)S(═O)₂N(H)R, —N(H)S(═O)₂N(R)R′, —N(R)S(═O)₂NH₂, —N(R)S(═O)₂N(H)R′, —N(R)S(═O)₂N(R′)R″, —N═S(═O)(R)R′, —OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-, —OC(═O)H, —OC(═O)R, —OC(═O)NH₂, —OC(═O)N(H)R, —OC(═O)N(R)R′, —OC(═O)OR, —SH, C₁-C₆-alkyl-S—, —SC(═O)NH₂, —SC(═O)N(H)R, —SC(═O)N(R)R′, —S(═O)₂R, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂N(H)R, —S(═O)₂N(R)R′, or —S(═O)(═NR)R′ group; R2 is a halogen atom, a C₂-C₆-alkynyl or —S—C₁-C₆-alkyl group; R3 is selected from a hydrogen atom, a C₁-C₆ alkyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl group, said C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl being optionally substituted one or more times, in the same way or differently, with —OH, —NH₂, —N(H)R, —N(R)R′, a halogen atom, cyano or C₁-C₆-alkoxy; R, R′ and R″ are, independently from each other, a C₁-C₆-alkyl group; or a tautomer, stereoisomer, N-oxide, salt, hydrate or solvate thereof.
 2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein: R1 is an aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group, said group being substituted with one or more substituents selected from: a halogen atom, or a CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl-, halo-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, H₂N—C₁-C₆-alkyl-, R(R′)N—C₁-C₆-alkyl-, HO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with two OH groups, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, halo-C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, C₃-C₁₀-cycloalkyl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, 3- to 10-membered 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, aryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, heteroaryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, —C(═O)R, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)R, —C(═O)N(R)R′, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OR, —NH₂, —N(H)R, —N(R)R′, —N(H)C(═O)H, —N(H)C(═O)R, —N(R)C(═O)R′, —N(H)C(═O)NH₂, —N(H)C(═O)N(H)R, —N(H)C(═O)N(R)R′, —N(R)C(═O)NH₂, —N(R)C(═O)N(H)R, —N(R)C(═O)N(R)R′, —N(H)C(═O)OR, —N(R)C(═O)OR, —NO₂, —N(H)S(═O)R, —N(R)S(═O)R′, —N(H)S(═O)NH₂, —N(H)S(═O)N(H)R, —N(H)S(═O)N(R)R′, —N(R)S(═O)NH₂, —N(R)S(═O)N(H)R′, —N(R)S(═O)N(R′)R″, —N(H)S(═O)₂R, —N(H)S(═O)₂—C3-C6-cycloalkyl, —N(R)S(═O)₂R′, —N(H)S(═O)₂NH₂, —N(H)S(═O)₂N(H)R, —N(H)S(═O)₂N(R)R′, —N(R)S(═O)₂NH₂, —N(R)S(═O)₂N(H)R, —N(R)S(═O)₂N(R′)R″, —N═S(═O)(R)R′, —OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-, —OC(═O)H, —OC(═O)R, —OC(═O)NH₂, —OC(═O)N(H)R, —OC(═O)N(R)R′, —OC(═O)OR, —SH, C₁-C₆-alkyl-S—, —SC(═O)NH₂, —SC(═O)N(H)R, —SC(═O)N(R)R′, —S(═O)₂R, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂N(H)R, —S(═O)₂N(R)R′, or —S(═O)(═NR)R′ group; R2 is a halogen atom, a C₂-C₆-alkynyl or —S—C₁-C₆-alkyl group; R3 is a hydrogen atom, a C₁-C₆-alkyl, or C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl group; R, R′ and R″ are, independently from each other, a C₁-C₆-alkyl group; or a tautomer, stereoisomer, N-oxide, salt, hydrate or solvate thereof.
 3. The compound according to claim 1, wherein: R1 is an aryl, heteroaryl, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl or 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl group, said group being substituted with one or more substituents selected from: a halogen atom, or a CN, C₁-C₆-alkyl-, halo-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, H₂N—C₁-C₆-alkyl-, R(R′)N—C₁-C₆-alkyl-, HO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with two OH groups, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, halo-C₁-C₆-alkoxy-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, C₃-C₁₀-cycloalkyl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, 3- to 7-membered heterocycloalkyl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, aryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, heteroaryl-C₁-C₆-alkyl-, —C(═O)R, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)R, —C(═O)N(R)R′, —C(═O)OH, —C(═O)OR, —NH₂, —N(H)R, —N(R)R′, —N(H)C(═O)H, —N(H)C(═O)R, —N(R)C(═O)R′, —N(H)C(═O)NH₂, —N(H)C(═O)N(H)R, —N(H)C(═O)N(R)R′, —N(R)C(═O)NH₂, —N(R)C(═O)N(H)R, —N(R)C(═O)N(R′)R″, —N(H)C(═O)OR, —N(R)C(═O)OR, —NO₂, —N(H)S(═O)R, —N(R)S(═O)R′, —N(H)S(═O)NH₂, —N(H)S(═O)N(H)R, —N(H)S(═O)N(R)R′, —N(R)S(═O)NH₂, —N(R)S(═O)N(H)R′, N(R)S(═O)N(R′)R″, —N(H)S(═O)₂R, —N(H)S(═O)₂—C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, —N(R)S(═O)₂R′, —N(H)S(═O)₂NH₂, —N(H)S(═O)₂N(H)R, —N(H)S(═O)₂N(R)R′, —N(R)S(═O)₂NH₂, —N(R)S(═O)₂N(H)R′, —N(R)S(═O)₂N(R′)R″, —N═S(═O)(R)R′, —OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-, —OC(═O)H, —OC(═O)R, —OC(═O)NH₂, —OC(═O)N(H)R, —OC(═O)N(R)R′, —OC(═O)OR, —SH, C₁-C₆-alkyl-S—, —SC(═O)NH₂, —SC(═O)N(H)R, —SC(═O)N(R)R′, —S(═O)₂R, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂N(H)R, —S(═O)₂N(R)R′, or —S(═O)(═NR)R′ group; R2 is a bromine or iodine atom, or a C₂-alkynyl group; R3 is a hydrogen atom, a C₁-C₆ alkyl, or C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl group; R, R′ and R″ are, independently from each other, a C₁-C₆-alkyl group; or a tautomer, stereoisomer, N-oxide, salt, hydrate or solvate thereof.
 4. The compound according to claim 1, wherein: R1 is an aryl, C₁-C₆-alkyl or C₂-C₆-alkenyl group, said group being substituted with one or more substituents selected from: C₁-C₆-alkyl-, HO—C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with two OH groups, —C(═O)NH₂, —C(═O)N(H)R, —C(═O)N(R)R′, —NH₂, —N(H)R, —N(R)R′, —N(H)C(═O)H, —N(H)C(═O)R, —N(R)C(═O)R′, —N(H)S(═O)₂R, —N(H)S(═O)₂—C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, —OH, C₁-C₆-alkoxy-, —S(═O)₂NH₂, —S(═O)₂N(H)R, or —S(═O)₂N(R)R′ group; R2 is a bromine or iodine atom, or a C₂-alkynyl group; R3 is a hydrogen atom, a C₁-C₆ alkyl or C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl group; R and R′ are, independently from each other, a C₁-C₆-alkyl group; or a tautomer, stereoisomer, N-oxide, salt, hydrate, solvate thereof.
 5. The compound according to claim 1, wherein: R1 is an aryl, C₁-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl group, said group being substituted with one or more substituents selected from: C₁-C₆-alkyl-, C₁-C₆-alkyl substituted with two OH groups, —NH₂, —N(H)C(═O)R, —N(H)S(═O)₂R, —N(H)S(═O)₂—C₃-C₆-cycloalkyl, or —OH group; R2 is an iodine atom or a C₂-alkynyl group; R3 is a hydrogen atom; R is a C₁-C₆-alkyl group; or a tautomer, stereoisomer, N-oxide, salt, hydrate or solvate thereof.
 6. The compound according to claim 1, which is selected from the group consisting of: 3-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]-5-[(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl)oxy]isonicotinamide; tert-butyl [3-({4-carbamoyl-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]pyridin-3-yl}oxy)phenyl]-carbamate; 3-(3-aminophenoxy)-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinamide; 3-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]-5-{3-[(isopropylsulfonyl)amino]phen-oxy}isonicotinamide; 3-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]-5-{3-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]phenoxy}isonicotinamide 3-{3-[(ethylsulfonyl)amino]phenoxy}-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinamide; 3-{3-[(cyclopropylsulfonyl)amino]phenoxy}-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinamide; 3-(3-acetamidophenoxy)-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]isonicotinamide; 3-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]-5-[3-(propionylamino)phenoxy]isonicotinamide; 3-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]-5-[3-(isobutyrylamino)phenoxy]isonicotinamide; 3-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]-5-[(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)oxy]isonicotinamide; 3-[(3,4-dihydroxy-4-methylpentyl)oxy]-5-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]iso-nicotinamide; 3-{3-[(ethylsulfonyl)amino]phenoxy}-5-[(4-ethynyl-2-fluorophenyl)amino]isonicotinamide; and 3-[(2-fluoro-4-iodophenyl)amino]-5-methoxyisonicotinamide.
 7. A method of preparing a compound of general formula (I) according to claim 1, said method comprising the step of allowing an intermediate compound of general formula (2):

in which R2 and R3 are as defined in claim 1, to react with an alcohol of general formula D:

in which R1 is as defined in claim 1, thereby giving a compound of general formula (I):

in which R1, R2 and R3 are as defined in claim
 1. 8. (canceled)
 9. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of general formula (I), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, an N-oxide, a hydrate, a solvate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a mixture of same, according to claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
 10. A pharmaceutical combination comprising: one or more compounds of general formula (I), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, an N-oxide, a hydrate, a solvate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a mixture of same, according to claim 1; and one or more agents selected from: a taxane, such as Docetaxel, Paclitaxel, or Taxol; an epothilone, such as Ixabepilone, Patupilone, or Sagopilone; Mitoxantrone; Predinisolone; Dexamethasone; Estramustin; Vinblastin; Vincristin; Doxorubicin; Adriamycin; Idarubicin; Daunorubicin; Bleomycin; Etoposide; Cyclophosphamide; Ifosfamide; Procarbazine; Melphalan; 5-Fluorouracil; Capecitabine; Fludarabine; Cytarabine; Ara-C; 2-Chloro-2′-deoxyadenosine; Thioguanine; an anti-androgen, such as Flutamide, Cyproterone acetate, or Bicalutamide; Bortezomib; a platinum derivative, such as Cisplatin, or Carboplatin; Chlorambucil; Methotrexate; and Rituximab.
 11. (canceled)
 12. (canceled)
 13. (canceled)
 14. A compound of general formula (2):

in which R2 and R3 are as defined in claim
 1. 15. (canceled)
 16. A method for the prophylaxis or treatment of a disease of uncontrolled cell growth, proliferation and/or survival, an inappropriate cellular immune response, or an inappropriate cellular inflammatory response, particularly in which the uncontrolled cell growth, proliferation and/or survival, inappropriate cellular immune response, or inappropriate cellular inflammatory response is mediated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK-ERK) pathway, more particularly in which the disease of uncontrolled cell growth, proliferation and/or survival, inappropriate cellular immune response, or inappropriate cellular inflammatory response is a haemotological tumour, a solid tumour and/or metastases thereof, e.g. leukaemias and myelodysplastic syndrome, malignant lymphomas, head and neck tumours including brain tumours and brain metastases, tumours of the thorax including non-small cell and small cell lung tumours, gastrointestinal tumours, endocrine tumours, mammary and other gynaecological tumours, urological tumours including renal, bladder and prostate tumours, skin tumours, and sarcomas, and/or metastases thereof, comprising administering to a human or animal in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of general formula (I), or a stereoisomer, a tautomer, an N-oxide, a hydrate, a solvate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a mixture of same, according to claim
 1. 